Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina fusiform and amantadine in the 6-OHDA induced Parkinsonism in rats

Abstract

BackgroundMulti-factorial etiology exists in pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The imbalance of anti-oxidant enzymes and dopamine level leads to Parkinsonism. The objective of this study was to assess the protective effect of Spirulina fusiform alone and in combination with amantadine against Parkinsonism effect in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced rat model.MethodsS. fusiform was administered in different groups (500 mg/kg, once daily and twice daily) and a combination of spirulina (500 mg/kg, once daily) with amantadine (20 mg/kg once daily) for 30 days before and 14 days after a single injection of 6-OHDA into the dorsal striatum. Post lesion produced rotational behavior which was measured at two week intervals (37th and 44th day). Locomotors activity was also done at 44th and muscle coordination at 48th day. Dorsal striatum was isolated from rat brain for evaluating the antioxidant assays and dopamine content at 49th day.ResultsBoth the body rotations (ipsilateral and contralateral) were found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease by 34.26 and 52 % after treatment with spirulina (Twice a day) in spirulina treated lesioned group. A higher percentage of improvement was shown in the reduction of ipsilateral (57.34 %) and contralateral (78.3 %) rotations in combination of spirulina with amantadine treated lesioned group rather than spirulina alone treated lesioned groups when compared with positive control lesioned group. Body movements and locomotor activity were improved statistically (p < 0.0001) significant in both treated lesioned groups (Combination of spirulina with amantadine and spirulina twice daily). Similar results were also seen in anti-oxidant levels which later on reached to the normal value. The levels of dopamine content had a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) increase by 78.3 % only in case of spirulina with amantadine treated lesioned group.ConclusionSpirulina is a potent nutraceutical supplement all over the world, so my preclinical study may contribute to give an additional adjuvant drug therapy in aging related disorders (Neurodegenerative as well as diabetes associated neurodegenerative disorders).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0815-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

<p>Therapeutic Effects of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Alterations and Morphological Remodeling in the Amygdala of Adult Female Rats</p>

“…34 Spirulina platensis has different roles, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties. 20,31,32,35 Because of its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, the findings of the present study suggest that the application of Spirulina platensis as a natural food supplement is useful to prevention the cognitive-behavioral impairment induced by stress.…”

“…Rats randomly were distributed into 4 following groups (10 animals in each group). Control group: rats received only oral physiological saline using gavage tube; SP group: rats received 200 mg/kg SP per day for 15 days using gavage tube (PNDs 41-55); Stress group: rats exposed to 10 days restraint stress (PNDs [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and Stress + SP group: rats exposed to stress and then received SP for 15 days (PNDs 41-55). Biochemical assessments began at the PND 61 after the termination of all intervention procedure.…”

“…[28][29][30][31] Studies suggest that Spirulina has protective effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. 32,33 It has been reported that Spirulina reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus and protects against damaging neurobehavioral effects of systemic kainic acid. 34 SP enhanced the beneficial effect of exercise on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in rats.…”

Comparison of the Analgesic Activity of Antiparkinsonian Aminoadamantane Derivatives Amantadine and Hemantane

“…According to the literature, amantadine can alleviate local inflammation in the brain tissue of animals with experimental Parkinson's disease. Specifically, amantadine 20 mg/kg exhibited antiradical activity by reducing the intensity of lipid peroxidation and increasing glutathione content in the substantia nigra of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease [49]. This drug reduced lipopolysaccharide-and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced toxicity of dopamine neurons through 1) the inhibition of the release of microglial pro-inflammatory factors, 2) an increase in expression of neurotrophic factors such as GDNF from astroglia [50].…”

Cyanotherapeutics: an emerging field for future drug discovery

“…Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a vital role in the induction of neurodegeneration, and phycocyanin (C-PC) and phycocyanobilin show strong antioxidant activity, reduce ROS and help in protection from neurodegenerative conditions (Cervantes-Llanos et al, 2018; Pentón-Rol, Marín-Prida, & Falcón-Cama, 2018). Furthermore, it has been shown that dietary supplementation of Spirulina protects tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in an intra-striatal 6-OHDA lesion model of Parkinson's disease (Chattopadhyaya et al, 2015;Stramberg, Gemma, Vila, & Bickford, 2005). The available report demonstrated that microglia play a key role in generating neurodegenerative diseases and supplementation of Spirulina shows a neuroprotective effect by downregulating MHC II expression in microglia (Pabon et al, 2012).…”