Neuropsychological Assessment of the Elderly

Crawford, John R.; Venneri, Annalena

doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00069-9

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…However, in neuropsychology there is an emphasis on examining an individual's relative strengths and weaknesses across a wide range of cognitive domains [13,24]. This necessitates using a large number of neuropsychological tests; as a result, there is a problem of how to reduce the number of potential comparisons between scores to a manageable proportion.…”

Section: Point Estimates Of the Abnormality Of A Difference Between Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences

2002

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Neuropsychologists often need to estimate the abnormality of an individual patient's test score, or test score discrepancies, when the normative or control sample against which the patient is compared is modest in size. Crawford and Howell [The Clinical Neuropsychologist 12 (1998) 482] and Crawford et al. [Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 20 (1998) 898] presented methods for obtaining point estimates of the abnormality of test scores and test score discrepancies in this situation. In the present study, we extend this work by developing methods of setting confidence limits on the estimates of abnormality. Although these limits can be used with data from normative or control samples of any size, they will be most useful when the sample sizes are modest. We also develop a method for obtaining point estimates and confidence limits on the abnormality of a discrepancy between a patient's mean score on k-tests and a test entering into that mean. Computer programs that implement the formulae for the confidence limits (and point estimates) are described and made available.

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Section: Point Estimates Of the Abnormality Of A Difference Between Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1.96 for 95% limits). The distinction between the reliability and the abnormality of test score differences is a particularly important one in clinical neuropsychology [7,12,13,34,43].…”

Section: Use Of the Confidence Limits In Single Case Studies And Clinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences

2002

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“…Therefore tables were constructed to convert raw scores on the PRMQ to T scores (T scores have a mean of 50 and a SD of 10). T scores were chosen because they are in widespread use, their meaning is easy to convey, and they permit users of the scale to rapidly assimilate an individual's or group's standing (Crawford, Venneri, & O'Carroll, 1998b). For example, if an individual obtained T scores of 40 and 35 on the Prospective and Retrospective scales respectively, it can immediately be seen that he or she is 1 SD below the estimated population mean on the Prospective scale and 1.5 SDs below the mean on the Retrospective scale.…”

Section: Norms and Latent Structure 263mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distinction between the reliability of a difference and the abnormality (or rarity) of a difference is an important one in assessment and the two concepts are often confused (Crawford, 1996;Crawford et al, 1998b). As noted, a reliable difference between the Prospective and Retrospective scales indicates that there is a genuine difference in self-rated memory (i.e., the difference does not simply reflect measurement error).…”

Section: Reliability and Abnormality Of Discrepancies Between Prospecmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample

Crawford

Smith

Maylor

et al. 2003

Memory

383

342

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The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith, Della Sala, Logie, & Maylor, 2000) was developed to provide a self-report measure of prospective and retrospective memory slips in everyday life. It consists of sixteen items, eight asking about prospective memory failures, and eight concerning retrospective failures. The PRMQ was administered to a sample of the general adult population (N = 551) ranging in age between 17 and 94. Ten competing models of the latent structure of the PRMQ were derived from theoretical and empirical sources and were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The model with the best fit had a tripartite structure and consisted of a general memory factor (all items loaded on this factor) plus orthogonal specific factors of prospective and retrospective memory. The reliabilities (internal consistency) of the Total scale and the Prospective and Retrospective scales were acceptable: Cronbach's alpha was 0.89, 0.84, and 0.80, respectively. Age and gender did not influence PRMQ scores, thereby simplifying the presentation and interpretation of normative data. To ease interpretation of scores on the PRMQ, tables are presented for conversion of raw scores on the Total scale and Prospective and Retrospective scales to T scores (confidence limits on scores are also provided). In addition, tables are provided to allow users to assess the reliability and abnormality of differences between an individual's scores on the Prospective and Retrospective scales.

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“…Measures of verbal fluency have commonly been used to assess executive dysfunction (Crawford et al, 1998;McCarthy & Warrington, 1990). Warrington (2000) has recently designed a new measure of verbal fluency termed the Homophone Meaning Generation Test (HMGT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Homophone Meaning Generation Test: Psychometric properties and a method for estimating premorbid performance

Crawford

Warrington²

2002

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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The Homophone Meaning Generation Test (HMGT; Warrington, 2000) is a new measure of verbal fluency that has been demonstrated to be sensitive to the presence of anterior lesions. In the present study we used the HMGT healthy standardization sample (N 5 170) and demonstrate that scores on the HMGT do not differ significantly from a normal distribution and that the test has adequate reliability (a 5 .82). A table for obtaining confidence limits on an individual's score is presented. A regression equation for the estimation of premorbid HMGT performance was constructed using the National Adult Reading Test as the predictor variable. In a sample of 36 cases with anterior lesions estimated premorbid scores were significantly higher than obtained scores ( p , .001). Premorbid ability acted to suppress group differences on the HMGT; the partial correlation between neurological status (healthy vs. anterior lesion) and HMGT performance controlling for premorbid ability (.53) was significantly higher than the raw correlation (.44). In addition, hierarchical discriminant function analysis demonstrated that the inclusion of premorbid ability improved classification over that achieved by HMGT scores alone. These results support both the underlying rationale and the clinical utility of controlling for premorbid performance when interpreting verbal fluency scores. (JINS, 2002, 8, 547-554.)

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Neuropsychological Assessment of the Elderly

Cited by 15 publications

References 170 publications

Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences

Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample

The Homophone Meaning Generation Test: Psychometric properties and a method for estimating premorbid performance

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