Neuropsychological predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia at different timepoints

Abstract

Introduction: Impairment of episodic memory is largely considered the main cognitive marker of prodromic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the neuropathological process in AD starts several years before and, apart from biomarkers well defined in the Amyloid (A), Tauopathy (T), Neurodegeneration (N) framework, early clinical and neuropsychological markers able to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD before the appearance of memory disorders are lacking in clinical practice. Investigations on semantic memory have shown promising results in providing an earlier marker of dementia in MCI patients.Methods: A total of 253 MCI subjects were followed up every 6 months for 6 years—186 converted to dementia and 67 remained stable at the sixth year of follow‐up. Twenty‐seven patients progressed in the first 2 years (fast converters), 107 in the third to fourth year (intermediate converters), and 51 after the fourth year of follow‐up (slow converters).Results: Stable MCI subjects performed better than fast decliners in Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), several long‐term memory scores, and category verbal fluency test (CFT); stable and intermediate converters differ only in MMSE and CFT tests; and stable and slow converters differ only in MMSE and phonological/semantic discrepancy score.Conclusion: Early impairment of semantic memory could predict the evolution to AD before the onset of episodic memory disorders, and the discrepancy between phonological and semantic verbal fluency could be able to detect this impairment in advance in respect of simple CFT tests. The assessment of different aspects of semantic memory and its degradation could represent an early cognitive marker to intercept MCI due to AD in clinical practice.

A Novel Dual-Language Touch-Screen Intervention to Slow Down Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Similarly, the RAVLT score is found to correlate with more independent activities of daily living in healthy older adults ( Hartle et al, 2022 ; Mograbi et al, 2014 ) and better quality of life in Parkinson’s Disease patients ( Olchik et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, the RAVLT score is suggested to predict whether an MCI patient would remain as MCI or progress to dementia within 2 years to a decade ( Dawidowicz et al, 2021 ; Quaranta et al, 2023 ). Nevertheless, we should consider incorporating clinically relevant measures when evaluating the effectiveness of our program in the future.…”