Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Axial Back Pain: A Review of Mechanisms, Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Advances

Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Prospective Case Series With 1 Year of Sustained Relief Following Short‐Term Implant

“…[54][55][56][57] Permanently implanted neurostimulation (eg, spinal cord stimulation [SCS]) systems can reduce pain, opioid use, and disability, 58-67 but traditionally multifactorial etiology pain, as is common among those with chronic LBP, has been difficult to successfully treat conventionally. [68][69][70] Due in part to the invasiveness, risks of the surgery and implantation of leads near the spinal cord, high complication rate, [71][72][73][74][75][76] and associated expense, SCS is typically relegated to a treatment of last resort (ie, only employed after other therapies have failed) and only used in about 5% of candidates. 77 An effective and less invasive system is needed that does not have the costs, risks, complications, and delayed care associated with previous therapies, 78,79 especially if such a system may permit short-term use to interrupt the cycle of chronic pain and provides longterm pain relief that prevents the recurrence of pain or the need for surgery or a permanent implant.…”

“…Surgical procedures (eg, spinal fusion, disc replacement) for back pain that attempt to repair physical deformities frequently fail to reduce pain or disability and may result in failed back surgery syndrome or a need for reoperation . Permanently implanted neurostimulation (eg , spinal cord stimulation [SCS]) systems can reduce pain, opioid use, and disability, but traditionally multifactorial etiology pain, as is common among those with chronic LBP, has been difficult to successfully treat conventionally . Due in part to the invasiveness, risks of the surgery and implantation of leads near the spinal cord, high complication rate, and associated expense, SCS is typically relegated to a treatment of last resort (ie , only employed after other therapies have failed) and only used in about 5% of candidates …”

Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation as a Salvage Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Refractory to Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Case Series

“…Since that time, there have been a number of publications in peer reviewed journals, including a multicenter prospective trial, that support the use of DRG-SCS in the treatment of chronic pain, particularly for CRPS (17,19,21,24). In 2015, Van Buyten et al published the results of DRG-SCS for CRPS.…”

“…This newfound understanding of the physiology of the DRG and its role in neuropathic pain has shifted the paradigm away from the nonspecific stimulation of the dorsal column to the DRG as a target. Since that time, there have been a number of publications in peer reviewed journals, including a multicenter prospective trial, that support the use of DRG‐SCS in the treatment of chronic pain, particularly for CRPS . In 2015, Van Buyten et al published the results of DRG‐SCS for CRPS.…”

Factors Affecting Outcome of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Pain Associated with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

“…Although patients with LBP involving neuropathic factors were selected, the longterm outcome of SCS was poor. Taylor, et al [5] considers SCS to be effective against Chronic Back and Leg Pain (CBLP), however, from an anatomical point of view, the effect of SCS can be limited towards LBP [13][14][15].…”