“…Accumulating evidence demonstrated that the surface charge, sedimentation, and aggregation of TiO 2 NPs might cause toxicity to human beings and animals (Acar et al, 2015). In most existing studies, genotoxicity (Carriere, Arnal, & Douki, 2020), cytotoxicity (Xu et al, 2020), and neurotoxicity (Ferraro, Domingo, Etcheverrito, Olmedo, & Tasat, 2020) have been confirmed. Similarly, a large number of in vivo studies have demonstrated that, when rats and mice are exposed to TiO 2 NPs, animal organs such as liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, testes, and ovaries could be damaged to different degrees regarding different intervention routes, periods, dosages, sample sources, and particle sizes (An et al, 2020).…”