Neutrino masses in the supersymmetric SU(3)C⊗SU(3)L⊗U(1)X model with right-handed neutrinos

Abstract

The R-symmetry formalism is applied for the supersymmetric SU(3) C ⊗ SU(3) L ⊗ U(1) X (3-3-1) model with right-handed neutrinos. For this kind of models, we study generalization of the MSSM relation among R-parity, spin and matter-parity. Discrete symmetries for the proton stable in this model are imposed, and we show that in such a case it is able to give leptons masses at only the tree level contributions required. A simple mechanism for the mass generation of the neutrinos is explored. We show that at the low-energy effective theory, neutrino spectrum contains three Dirac fermions, one massless and two degenerate in mass. At the energy-level where the mixing among them with neutralinos turned on, neutrinos obtain Majorana masses and correct the lowenergy effective result which naturally gives rise to an inverted hierarchy mass pattern. This mass spectrum can fit the current data with minor fine-tuning. Consistent values for masses of the charged leptons are also given. In this model, the MSSM neutralinos and charginos can be explicitly identified in terms of the new constraints on masses which is not as in a supersymmetric version of the minimal 3-3-1 model.

The Use of Nanoparticles to Deliver Nitric Oxide to Hepatic Stellate Cells for Treating Liver Fibrosis and Portal Hypertension

“…Isolation and Culture of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells, Kupffer Cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells : Rat HSCs were isolated by twostep (collagenase B and pronase E) perfusion methods under ketamine and xylazine anaesthesia as reported previously. [ 24 ] Briefl y, rat liver was perfused through the portal vein using Ca ++ -and Mg ++ -free Gey's Balanced Salt Solution (GBSS, Sigma) and then sequentially with pronase E followed by collagenase B. The liver was excised, gently dispersed in GBSS containing 0.01% DNase I and the cell suspension fi ltered through a sterile nylon mesh and subjected to low-speed centrifugation.…”

“…In this experiment, all the primary cells were isolated and cultured for 6 days (for hepatic stellate cells), 2 days (for SECs, KCs and hepatocytes) following our well-established protocol with the purity of 95%. [ 24 ] The cell uptake of nanoparticles labeled with Nile Red, by each cell line, was investigated as a function of incubation time at predetermined time points (15,30,60, and 120 min). HSCs were cultured for 6 days, as they undergo cell differentiation around 6 days.…”

“…An increase in portal pressure can originate from a rise in portal blood fl ow, an increase in vascular resistance, or a combination of both. [ 24 ] Increasing evidence also suggests that activated HSCs play an important role to intrahepatic haemodynamic changes in cirrhosis. [ 13g ] In a cirrhotic liver, portal hypertension can lead to bleeding-a life threatening complication and ultimately the cause of death in about one-third of patients.…”

“…It is evident that NO donors reduce portal hypertension in animals models. [ 24 ] The key challenge is the development of an NO donor that selectively targets the liver. In the present study, we demonstrated that vitamin A conjugated NO nanoparticles stabilize the NO donor while targeting HSCs.…”

Neutralinos and charginos in supersymmetric economical 3-3-1 model

“…[24] and neutrino mass was studied in Ref. [25]. Note that there is three-family versions in which lepton families are treated differently [26] and their supersymmetric versions are presented in Ref.…”