Neutrinos from Gamma-ray Bursts

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous electromagnetic burst in the Universe. They occur when a rapidly rotating massive star collapses or a binary neutron star merges. These events leave a newborn central compact object, either a black hole or neutron star, which launches relativistic jets that emit the luminous gamma-ray signals. These jets can accelerate non-thermal protons, which are expected to produce high-energy neutrinos via photohadronic interactions. This Chapter briefly summarizes the current physical picture of GRBs, and discusses neutrino emissions from GRBs, including both prompt and afterglow phases. Neutrinos from sub-classes of GRBs, including low-luminosity GRBs and short GRBs, are also discussed.

Magnetic Reconnection in Black Hole Magnetospheres: Lepton Loading into Jets, Superluminal Radio Blobs, and Multiwavelength Flares

“…However, the production mechanisms of jets are still unclear. In the context of GRBs, the energy injection by neutrino annihilation is actively discussed (Kumar & Zhang 2015;Kimura 2022), whereas this mechanism does not work in X-ray binaries or AGNs. In these systems, the energy sources of jets are likely the spin energy of BHs threaded by magnetic fields, which can be extracted via the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process (Blandford & Znajek 1977;Komissarov 2004;Toma & Takahara 2016;Kimura et al 2021a).…”

GRB Prompt Emission: Observed Correlations and Their Interpretations

“…Multi-messenger detections of gravitational waves will also push our understanding of GRB emission forward by providing independent constraints on the structure of GRB jets [216,217] and GRB jet launching mechanisms [218], which can guide prompt emission models, and it will help constrain the observer viewing angle of SGRB detections that are coincident with gravitational wave measurements, as in the case of GRB170817A [15,67]. Additionally, detections of neutrinos coincident with prompt emission measurements of GRB will place constraints on dissipation mechanisms that occur in GRB jets and constrain jets that fail to breakout of the progenitor star, thus providing insight into jet launching physics (see, for a comprehensive review, [219]).…”

Breakthrough Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with the THESEUS Space Mission

“…In contrast, no neutrino counterpart has been found associated with any bright GRBs, putting stringent constraints on neutrino production in relativistic jets associated with these events [12]. The nearby class of long GRBs with low-luminosity (LL-GRBs) as well as ultra-long duration have been suggested as more promising candidates with respect to the bright GRBs (see e.g., [13] and references therein). The key feature of THESEUS is to independently detect these electromagnetic counterparts at the time of neutrino events and to provide refined sky localizations to allow multi-wavelength prolonged follow-up with other facilities.…”