Neutron-Activation Analysis in Man in Vivo

Anderson, John F.; Osborn, S. B.; Tomlinson, R. W. S.; Newton, D.; Salmon, Laurent; Rundo, J.; Smith, J.W.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)91041-4

Cited by 111 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The concept is supported by the failure of bone sodium to achieve the same specific activity as plasma sodium after injection of 22Na (Edelman et al, 1954). Anderson et al (1964) found only a small difference between exchangeable sodium and whole body sodium determined by whole body neutron activation in two living subjects. These workers suggested that this difference corresponded to the fraction (<0.5%) with a long biological half-life in 22Na turnover studies (Miller et al, 1957;Richmond, 1958).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Total body sodium by whole body neutron activation in the living subject: further evidence for non-exchangeable sodium pool.

Chamberlain¹,

Fremlin²,

Peters³

et al. 1968

BMJ

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mentioning

confidence: 96%

Total body sodium by whole body neutron activation in the living subject: further evidence for non-exchangeable sodium pool.

Chamberlain¹,

Fremlin²,

Peters³

et al. 1968

BMJ

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The most careful radiological assessments may not detect skeletal demineralization until as much as 40% of skeletal calcium is lost (Simon, 1965). Anderson et al (1964) showed that the technique of neutron activation analysis could be applied to the measurement of total body sodium and chlorine in the living subject. These workers also pointed out that total body calcium might be measured in this way.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Total body calcium by whole body neutron activation: new technique for study of bone disease.

Chamberlain¹,

Fremlin²,

Peters³

et al. 1968

BMJ

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The fundamental pathological processes of diseases involving generalized disturbance of skeletal mineralization are ill understood, and treatment is often unsatisfactory. Radiographic techniques are widely used in the diagnosis and management of bone disease. Such techniques are fundamentally dependent on the radio-opacity of skeletal calcium. The most careful radiological assessments may not detect skeletal demineralization until as much as 40% of skeletal calcium is lost (Simon, 1965 possible to achieve uniformity of neutron flux over a field large enough to accommodate a human subject at 2 m. from the source. Details of the experiments and the reason for using neutrons.of this energy are given by Chamberlain et al. (1968aChamberlain et al. ( , 1968b.On the basis of these preliminary experiments neutron activation was carried out on cadavers. A total of seven activations were performed on three cadavers. A wooden coffin (1.5 cm. thick) conveniently provided the necessary moderation of fast neutrons. Uniformity of activation was achieved by irradiating first posteroanteriorly and then from the opposite direction. The irradiation times were arranged to compensate for the decay of 4'Ca during the first half of activation; the total irradiation time was 5 minutes 16 seconds.The slow neutron flux was measured by the activity produced in indium foils, suitably placed in the neutron field. After activation the cadaver was quickly transferred to the whole body counter. The whole body counter is based on four 12.1 by 10.5 cm. sodium iodide crystals, completely shielded by 15 cm. of armour-plate steel lined by 3 mm. of lead. The spectrum is analysed by a 512-channel pulse-height analyser, and processed by a programme using the KDF9 computer of the University of Birmingham. The 49Ca activity (3.05 MeV) is based on the 2.92-3.30 MeV range. Repeated counting showed that the activity in this range had a half-life closely corresponding with 49Ca (8.9 minutes). The results of seven activations in three cadavers are shown in Table I. Included

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“…The compact and portable neutron sources such as 252 Cf and 241 Am-Be are commonly used in the PGNAA method because of their high flux and reliable neutron spectrum. Also Anderson et al (1964) and then Cohn et al (1972) suggested using the fast neutron reaction 14N(n, 2n)I3N. This proved unsuitable because of interferences from other reactions and because of problems in maintaining a uniform fast (>11.3 MeV) neutron flux.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%