Neutron Radiography Measurements of Moisture Distribution in Multilayer Clothing Systems

Weder, Markus; Brühwiler, Paul A.; Herzig, U. R. S.; Huber, R.; Frei, G.; Lehmann, Eberhard

doi:10.1177/004051750407400807

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…raphy for the same samples [16], the results are overall quite similar. The gravimetric study was carried out for a shorter period of 13 minutes of wetting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…For this investigation we chose five textile combinations with different properties for water absorption, wicking, and storage, which were previously investigated using neutron scattering [16], and are indicated in Table I. As can be seen, the combinations vary only in the choice of the first three layers.…”

Section: Employed Materials Combinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similarly applicable non-contact method, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been applied to investigate moisture transport in carpets [3,9,10]. These were mainly one-dimensional studies, although Carr et al [3] also made two-dimensional MRI measurements to completely map the transplanar moisture distribution similarly to the visualization in Weder et al [16].…”

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confidence: 99%

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X-Ray Tomography Measurements of the Moisture Distribution in Multilayered Clothing Systems

Weder

Brühwiler

Laib

2006

Textile Research Journal

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The transport of moisture in textile layers plays an important role in the conveyance of thermal energy through those layers. During physical activity, a constant core temperature can in general only be maintained through the dissipation of thermal energy. As is well known, this can take place through radiation, conduction or convection, but for vigorous activity requires perspiration, namely evaporative cooling. If the perspired moisture evaporates directly on the skin, considerably more energy is extracted from the body than when it is transported in a liquid state to outer layers of the clothing, in which case evaporation merely cools the ambient air instead. In a cold climate, dry skin is important for comfort at rest, whereas during activity a more complicated behavior is desirable: Evaporation of moisture on or near the skin while it produces enough perspiration to maintain a wet clothing layer in contact with it, which is when the need for cooling is greatest, followed by rapid removal of the liquid perspiration from the immediate vicinity of the skin as the perspiration rate declines, to avoid overcooling (post-exercise chill). In a warm climate, on the other hand, all liquid perspiration should be evaporated as close to the skin as possible to maximize the cooling effect. To achieve these different moisture-management behaviors in textiles, multilayer configurations are often used, and it becomes important to characterize the distribution of moisture, especially in liquid form, in such multilayers as a function of time.The transport of moisture through multilayer textile combinations has frequently been studied by means of gravimetric analysis in earlier work [1,2,4,5,15]. A major disadvantage of such methods is that a part of the moisture escapes into the ambient air within a few seconds when the layers of clothing are separated for weighing. This is especially the case for materials such as polyester or polypropylene, that store very little moisture themselves and where the moisture can be localized in the capillaries of the intermediate spaces. A second problem is that following the time dependence of the moisture transport requires restarting the entire conditioning and wetting process of the sample for each measurement, which is time-consuming. The inplane distribution of moisture is another important aspect of the problem for which gravimetric analysis is inadequate. 1One method which has largely met these challenges is neutron radiography, which has been shown to be able to give a two-dimensional profile of the moisture distribution of each layer in a multilayer configuration at distinct time intervals [16]. There it was possible to observe the gross temporal progress of the moisture transport, without having to manipulate the clothing systems. While there were Abstract X-ray-tomography was used to investigate the moisture distribution of multilayered textiles under praxis conditions. It was possible to follow the dynamics of the moisture transport without disturbing an ensemble during measuremen...

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“…raphy for the same samples [16], the results are overall quite similar. The gravimetric study was carried out for a shorter period of 13 minutes of wetting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Employed Materials Combinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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X-Ray Tomography Measurements of the Moisture Distribution in Multilayered Clothing Systems

Weder

Brühwiler

Laib

2006

Textile Research Journal

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“…Weder et al, 77 used the neutron spallation source SINQ at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, to obtain neutron radiographies of multi-layer assemblies of clothing systems, during an unlimited reservoir spot test. The radiography plane was perpendicular to the wicking plane, measuring the transplanar wicking.…”

Section: Neutron Radiation Projection and Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on advanced imaging technologies for the quantification of wicking in textiles

Parada

Derome

Rossi

et al. 2016

Textile Research Journal

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This review covers imaging techniques of wicking in textiles ranging from visible light to synchrotron x-ray. First, the wicking phenomenon and its relevance are exposed. Then, the main wicking experimental setups, namely the strip test and the spot test, are described. Next, the imaging techniques are described together with the relevant studies applied to wicking. Finally, the analysis of wicking measurements is presented. The conclusion presents imaging techniques applied to wicking in a historical perspective and highlights areas where further development is desirable.

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“…X-ray tomography [9] and neutron radiology [10] have been used as non-contact techniques to analyse water distribution in fabrics, but the use of these as bench-top instruments is difficult. In this work, we suggest that an alternative possibility for the noninvasive quantitative monitoring of liquid ingress within an opaque and complex fabric is to use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative NMR monitoring of liquid ingress into repellent heterogeneous layered fabrics

Bencsik¹,

Adriaensen²,

Brewer³

et al. 2008

Journal of Magnetic Resonance

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Fabrics which are water repellent and repellent to other liquids are often constructed using multiple layers of material. Such a construction is preferable to a single layer of a liquid repellent textile because, under the action of an applied pressure, ingress of a liquid through the first layer can be halted by the second or subsequent layers. In the quantitative investigation of this problem, current techniques provide limited information on the progress and distribution of the liquid as it ingresses into a fabric. Moreover, many techniques require that the material is delaminated prior to analysis, and cannot be conducted in real time to measure the progress of a liquid through the textile substrate. In this work we demonstrate that unilateral NMR, which allows signal to be collected from a volume of interest in a material residing above the instrument, can be a powerful tool to quantitatively monitor the ingress of a liquid through a layered sample exhibiting pronounced heterogeneities in repellency. A known volume of oil was placed on the top of a model textile sample composed of three 80 µm thick layers. Spatially resolved one dimensional vertical NMR profiles of the system were acquired as a function of the pressure vertically applied to the top of the sample. These profiles show that the absolute liquid volume present in each layer of textile can routinely be measured within 4 minutes with a spatial resolution of 15 µm. If each individual layer exhibits different repellency to the test liquid, the complexity of the dynamics of the ingress can be investigated in great detail. An elegant application of the unilateral instrument was obtained in which the sensitive volume matched the region of interest of the individual layers of the textile under investigation.

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Neutron Radiography Measurements of Moisture Distribution in Multilayer Clothing Systems

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

X-Ray Tomography Measurements of the Moisture Distribution in Multilayered Clothing Systems

X-Ray Tomography Measurements of the Moisture Distribution in Multilayered Clothing Systems

A review on advanced imaging technologies for the quantification of wicking in textiles

Quantitative NMR monitoring of liquid ingress into repellent heterogeneous layered fabrics

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