Neutrophil Gelatinase‐Associated Lipocalin in Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

BackgroundNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker for the early prediction of renal damage and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans and dogs.HypothesisNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin also may play a role in the progression of CKD in cats.AnimalsEighty CKD and 18 control cats.MethodsCats were categorized into different stages according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system. Urine and plasma samples were collected and tested for NGAL concentrations using an in‐house sandwich ELISA system and urinary NGAL (uNGAL)‐to‐creatinine ratio (UNCR) was determined. Cats in which serum creatinine concentration increased by >0.5 mg/dL from baseline within 30 days were defined as exhibiting progression.ResultsThe urinary NGAL and UNCR of CKD cats were significantly higher than those of healthy cats (P < .05) and were highly correlated with serum creatinine concentration. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for uNGAL, when predicting the progression of CKD, was 0.71 and the best cutoff value was 2.06 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 75%. The AUROC for UNCR when predicting the progression of CKD was 0.79 and the best cutoff value was 4.08 × 10−6 with a sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 79.2%. Cats with UNCR values higher than their cutoffs experienced significantly faster deterioration with a median of 19 days.ConclusionsBoth urinary NGAL and UNCR are useful markers for the prediction of CKD progression in cats.

Perioperative urinary heat shock protein 72 as an early marker of acute kidney injury in dogs

“…The traditional kidney injury markers, glucosuria and cylindruria, are insensitive indicators (Vaden et al 1997) and usually do not facilitate the diagnosis of AKI. Current research for novel renal biomarkers that increase before AKI is diagnosed based on functional renal markers may facilitate early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention in dogs with Grade 1 AKI (Palm et al 2016;Wang et al 2017;Jung et al 2018).…”

Identification of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin molecular forms and their association with different urinary diseases in cats

“…These findings suggest that one or other of these or possibly both of these monomers may be associated with kidney injury in cats. Both uNGAL and UNCR have been reported to be promising renal biomarkers in cats with kidney disease [14]. Moreover, the UNCR of cats with azotemia is significantly higher than the values obtained from healthy control cats.…”

“…An increased level of NGAL in dogs has been found to be associated with various different urinary diseases [5, 10–13]. Among cats with naturally occurring kidney diseases, urine NGAL (uNGAL) levels and the urine NGAL to creatinine ratio (UNCR) are thought to be a useful biomarkers when detecting chronic renal damage and when predicting the clinical progression of cats with CKD [14]. However, the presence and the various levels of the different molecular forms of uNGAL have not yet been investigated in cats.…”

Urine hemojuvelin in cats with naturally occurring kidney disease

“…The proteins present in clinical specimens were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) gel (Bio‐Rad Laboratories Inc.), followed by electro‐transfer to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Bio‐Rad Laboratories Inc) 9 . Either rabbit antihemojuvelin serum or rat antihemojuvelin serum, serving as the detection Ab, was reacted individually with the membranes.…”

“…The ELISA for detecting and measuring u‐hemojuvelin was based on a protocol that has been described previously 9 . Briefly, 100 μL/well of the rabbit‐origin antihemojuvelin serum, which acted as the capture Ab, was diluted 1:30 in coating buffer (0.035 M NaHCO 3 and 0.015 M Na 2 CO 3 , pH 9.6) and added to the wells of a 96‐well ELISA plate (Nunc).…”