“…To effectively perform these complex open-field tasks, accurate and precise localization of these agricultural robots, including XYZ position, heading, and attitude (roll and pitch tilts), are essential. Several principles of localization sensors for agricultural robots are real-time kinematic global navigation satellite systems (RTK GNSS) [1]- [5], landmarks detection [6], light laser detection and ranging (LiDAR) [7]- [8], radar [9], sensor fusion with camera [10]- [13], ultrasonic [14], multi-sensor fusion [15]- [16], beacons based [17], localization and mapping (SLAM) [18], laser range finder (LRF) [19], and inertial measurement unit (IMU) [20]. Particularly, RTK GNSS coupled with inertial navigation systems (INS) is extensively employed by farmers due to its relatively higher accuracy and precision compared to other sensing techniques.…”