New approach of electrotherapy for grapevine virus elimination

In general, in vitro virus elimination is based on the culture of isolated meristem, and in addition thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy can also be applied. During these processes, plantlets suffer several stresses, which can result in low rate of survival, inhibited growth, incomplete development, or abnormal morphology. Even though the in vitro cultures survive the treatment, further development can be inhibited; thus, regeneration capacity of treated in vitro shoots or explants play also an important role in successful virus elimination. Sensitivity of genotypes to treatments is very different, and the rate of destruction largely depends on the physiological condition of plants as well. Exposure time of treatments affects the rate of damage in almost every therapy. Other factors such as temperature, illumination (thermotherapy), type and concentration of applied chemicals (chemo- and cryotherapy), and electric current intensity (electrotherapy) also may have a great impact on the rate of damage. However, there are several ways to decrease the harmful effect of treatments. This review summarizes the harmful effects of virus elimination treatments applied on tissue cultures reported in the literature. The aim of this review is to expound the solutions that can be used to mitigate phytotoxic and other adverse effects in practice.

Section: Virus Elimination By Electrotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meristem isolation and culture are often combined with other treatments (thermoand chemotherapy) to increase the effectiveness of virus eradication [27,28]. There are other methods to obtain virus-free plantlets (electrical treatment, cryotherapy, embryogenesis) [29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxicity and Other Adverse Effects on the In Vitro Shoot Cultures Caused by Virus Elimination Treatments: Reasons and Solutions

Magyar-Tábori

Mendler-Drienyovszki

Hanász

et al. 2021

“…By limiting the international movement of vegetatively propagated plants to sterile in vitro plants, intracellular obligate pathogens, such as viruses, viroids, and phytoplasmas, are the only remaining concern [105]. These pathogens can be eliminated through meristem culture, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy [110,[125][126][127]. In grapevine, electrotherapy consisting of the electric stimulation of grapevine herbaceous cuttings with an electric current of 40-100 mA for 5-20 min in an electrophoresis tank followed by the in vitro regeneration of new plants has been successfully used for the complete and/or partial elimination of viruses [126].…”

Section: Advantages Of In Vitro Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These pathogens can be eliminated through meristem culture, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy [110,[125][126][127]. In grapevine, electrotherapy consisting of the electric stimulation of grapevine herbaceous cuttings with an electric current of 40-100 mA for 5-20 min in an electrophoresis tank followed by the in vitro regeneration of new plants has been successfully used for the complete and/or partial elimination of viruses [126]. Cryotherapy is an option for pathogen eradication in those crops for which cryopreservation protocols are available, and it has been successfully applied to several crops, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), citrus (Citrus sp.…”

Section: Advantages Of In Vitro Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of the Current Global Ex Situ Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity. I. History of the Development of the Global System in the Context of the Political/Legal Framework and Its Major Conservation Components

Engels

Ebert

2021

The history of ex situ conservation is relatively short, not more than a century old. During the middle of last century, triggered by the realization that genetic erosion was threatening the existing landraces and wild relatives of the major food crops, global efforts to collect and conserve the genetic diversity of these threatened resources were initiated, predominantly orchestrated by FAO. National and international genebanks were established to store and maintain germplasm materials, conservation methodologies were created, standards developed, and coordinating efforts were put in place to ensure effective and efficient approaches and collaboration. In the spontaneously developing global conservation system, plant breeders played an important role, aiming at the availability of genetic diversity in their breeding work. Furthermore, long-term conservation and the safety of the collected materials were the other two overriding criteria that led to the emerging international network of ex situ base collections. The political framework for the conservation of plant genetic resources finds its roots in the International Undertaking of the FAO and became ‘turbulent rapid’ with the conclusion of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper reviews the history of the global ex situ conservation system with a focus on the international network of base collections. It assesses the major ex situ conservation approaches and methods with their strengths and weaknesses with respect to the global conservation system and highlights the importance of combining in situ and ex situ conservation.

“…Several in vitro tissue culture techniques, such as thermotherapy, chemotherapy and meristem tip culture, can be applied to eradicate the viruses [42]. In addition, other eradication methods such as electrotherapy [54] and cryotherapy [55] have been effective in several crops including grape, potato, sweet potato and banana. Cryotherapy using vitrification proved to eliminate effectively Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Banana Streak Virus (BSV) from in vitro meristematic tissues of the dessert banana cv.…”

Section: Advantages Of In Vitro Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Prospects for the Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources in Field Genebanks, in In Vitro Collections and/or in Liquid Nitrogen

Panis

Nagel

houwe

2020

109

The conservation of crop genetic resources, including their wild relatives, is of utmost importance for the future of mankind. Most crops produce orthodox seeds and can, therefore, be stored in seed genebanks. However, this is not an option for crops and species that produce recalcitrant (non-storable) seeds such as cacao, coffee and avocado, for crops that do not produce seeds at all; therefore, they are inevitably vegetatively propagated such as bananas, or crops that are predominantly clonally propagated as their seeds are not true to type, such as potato, cassava and many fruit trees. Field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections provide an alternative in such cases. In this paper, an overview is given on how to manage and setup a field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections, as well as advantages and associated problems taking into account the practical, financial and safety issues in the long-term. In addition, the need for identification of unique accessions and elimination of duplicates is discussed. The different conservation methods are illustrated with practical examples and experiences from national and international genebanks. Finally, the importance of establishing safe and long-term conservation methods and associated backup possibilities is highlighted in the frame of the global COVID-19 pandemic.