New cooling methods for HPGE detectors and associated electronics

Upp, D. L.; Keyser, Ronald M.; Twomey, Timothy R.

doi:10.1007/s10967-005-0684-y

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…To obtain this, the readout electronics must be low noise. Historically, the front-end transistor was a JFET cooled to the temperature of the detector (77 K, liquid nitrogen temperature) [9,23]. This reduced the energy resolution to less than 1 keV for 1 MeV photons.…”

Section: Technology Material Geometry and Performance Of Hpge Gammmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Purity Germanium: From Gamma-Ray Detection to Dark Matter Subterranean Detectors

Fourches¹,

Zielińska²,

Charles³

2019

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

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High purity germanium remains the material of choice for the detection of photons in the range of MeV or higher, down to the hard X-ray range. Since the operation of HPGe-based detectors is possible only at or below the liquid nitrogen temperature, their advantage is mainly the resolution, which matches the Fano factor if appropriate cooled electronic readout is used. We focus here on present-day applications of HPGe detectors, which are now broader than ever despite the recent development of room-temperature photon detectors based on binary compounds. We present in particular dark matter detectors and γ-ray trackers as examples of the recent applications of HPGe as a detecting medium. More generally, we discuss the future of γ-ray detectors and the role that the semiconductor detectors will keep with respect to alternative detection materials. This chapter is an introduction to this general topic, and the reader is encouraged to refer to research and review articles on this subject published in the past or recently.

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Section: Technology Material Geometry and Performance Of Hpge Gammmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Purity Germanium: From Gamma-Ray Detection to Dark Matter Subterranean Detectors

Fourches¹,

Zielińska²,

Charles³

2019

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

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“…other cooling systems are used to continuously cool the detector while in operation (Upp et al, 2005).…”

Section: Semiconductor Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan

Tanha

Riebe

Ikeda‐Ohno

et al. 2018

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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Während der Sowjet-Ära wurde von mehreren Orten der Randbezirke von Kabul (Afghanistan) berichtet, an denen ein erhöhtes Level an Umweltradioaktivität gefunden worden war. Heutzutage sind diese Gegenden mit Wohnhäusern überbaut. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden von diesen Orten in drei Probenahmekampagnen, insgesamt 51 Boden-und Gesteinsproben, sowie 51 Wasserproben (zur universellen Nutzung durch die Anwohner) genommen und der Gehalt an primordialen Isotopen und Tochternukliden der entsprechenden Zerfallsketten gemessen, sowie Rückschlüsse auf eine mögliche anthropogene Kontamination gezogen. Für die Analyse der Gesteins-und Bodenproben wurde primär die Gamma-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. Die Analyse der Wasserproben geschah vornehmlich durch ICP-MS und ICP-OES-Techniken. Des Weiteren wurden Alpha-Spektroskopie, µ-XRD, PXRD, TOF-SIMS und LSC-Techniken verwendet um die Daten aus den Untersuchungen mittels Gammaspektroskopie und ICP-MS zu verifizieren. Die Aktivitätskonzentrationen in Boden und Gestein lagen, für Uran, Thorium und Kalium jeweils in den Bereichen von 160 bis 28600 Bq/kg, 73 bis 383000 Bq/kg und 270 bis 24600 Bq/kg. Die Gesamtheit der Messmethoden zeigte keinerlei Auffälligkeit der untersuchten Proben in Bezug auf das natürliche Gleichgewicht der Radionuklide, sondern zeigte dass die erhöhte Radioaktivität auf thoriumhaltige Cheralitminerale zurückzuführen war. Die Konzentrationen von Uran und Thorium im Wasser reichten jeweils von 0,01 ppb bis 26 ppb, sowie von 2 ppb bis 150 ppb. Es wurden keine erhöhten Gehalte an Blei und Radium im Wasser detektiert. Der Großteil der untersuchten Wasserproben ist für den Verzehr unbedenklich, einige Proben wiesen jedoch Elementkonzentrationen oberhalb der, von nationalen und internationalen Behörden empfohlenen Werte auf. Um das Gefährdungspotential durch erhöhte Umgebungsstrahlung in den Wohnräumen näher zu untersuchen, wurde die Radon-Gas Konzentration in acht Kellern, vier Wohnzimmern und vier bewohnten Höhlen an verschiedenen Orten in Kabul und Panjsher, Afghanistan, mit Hilfe acht neu entwickelter Radon-Expositions-Messgeräte, des Helmholtz-Zentrums München, gemessen. Die Messungen fanden in zwei Phasen, von je einer Woche, sowie einem Jahr Messzeit statt. In der ersteneinwöchigen-Phase lagen die durchschnittlichen Aktivitätskonzentrationen zwischen 6 und 120 Bq/m³ in den Kellerräumen, sowie zwischen 25 und 139 Bq/m³ in den Höhlen. In der Zweitenein Jahr dauernden-Phase

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“…Gamma spectroscopy using HPGe detectors is performed using a high-purity germanium crystal inside a cryostat that is cooled to 77 K (generally with liquid nitrogen, though the temperature can be maintained in other ways [5]). The cooling of the crystal to this temperature widens the bandgap slightly and is cool enough such that thermally induced excitations across the bandgap are minimized [4].…”

Section: Traditional Gamma Spectroscopy With Hpge Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multispectral Gamma-Ray Analysis Using Clover Detectors with Application to Uranium Fission Product Analysis

Horne

Jackman

2013

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DedicationI would like to dedicate this work to my dear wife, Juliann, who has loved me unconditionally and supportively listened to my break-throughs, even when I didn't make sense. Supervisors: Sheldon Landsberger and Kevin Jackman Abstract: A high-efficiency gamma-ray counting system has been built at Los Alamos National Laboratory for use in analyzing nuclear forensics samples. This system consists of two clover high-purity germanium detectors and is surrounded by a thallium-doped sodium iodide annulus. Special precautions have been taken to ensure the system has a low background. The system is connected to XIA Pixie-4 fast digitizers and collects data in list-mode. This work is split into two main parts. The first part describes the proper steps and techniques to initialize the settings of a detector system connected to fast digitizers in order to optimize the system for resolution and throughput. The various counting modes for this particular system are described in detail, including the benefits and drawbacks of each mode. Steps are then shown to characterize the system by obtaining efficiency curves for various counting modes and sample geometries. Because of the close counting geometry involved with this system, truecoincidence summing factors must be calculated, and are done so in part by measuring the peak-to-total ratios of the system in its various counting modes across a wide energy range. The dead-time for the system can be complicated due to the multiple inputs of the system.Techniques for calculating the dead-time of multiple-detector systems are discussed. The second part of this work shows the system's usefulness in analyzing nuclear forensics samples, specifically irradiated enriched uranium. Three fission product parent-daughter pairs of different lifetimes are analyzed over a course of six months. The activities of each nuclide are calculated at each time step. Age dating techniques using the parent-daughter pairs are discussed, as well as the detection limits of each nuclide for a range of sample ages. Finally, vii avenues for further research are presented, as well as potential sources of error or uncertainty for this work.viii List of Tables Part 1: IntroductionThe analysis of nuclear materials, whether fresh or spent, using gamma spectroscopy is a commonly used technique which aims to gather pertinent information regarding the material's isotopic composition. Useful properties such as age, fission product activities, uranium enrichment information, and actinide activities may be determined by gamma spectroscopy. By understanding these properties, scientists and researchers can provide vital information to policy-makers and government officials (DOE, DoD, DHS, etc…) to aid in the nuclear forensics attribution process should a nuclear event occur.Traditionally, gamma spectroscopy research is done by using analog systems with a single detector. More recently, Compton suppression systems involving a single solid-state detector and one or more high-efficiency scintillation detectors op...

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New cooling methods for HPGE detectors and associated electronics

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

High Purity Germanium: From Gamma-Ray Detection to Dark Matter Subterranean Detectors

High Purity Germanium: From Gamma-Ray Detection to Dark Matter Subterranean Detectors

Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan

Multispectral Gamma-Ray Analysis Using Clover Detectors with Application to Uranium Fission Product Analysis

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