New Digital Technologies to Tackle Trade in Illegal Pesticides

Abstract

This paper was approved by the Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment in July 2020 and prepared for publication by the OECD Secretariat. This paper, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Driving Blockchain Adoption in Small and Medium Enterprise Sector: Introducing the Concept of “Transformation Conditions”

“…This preparation demonstrates support, cooperation, and collaboration from channel partners, leading to significant synergy effects through the use of BCT. Ultimately, all channel parties and related stakeholders could benefit from using BCT (Frezal & Garsous, 2020). When both conditions are present, SMEs are more likely to adopt BCT.…”

“…On the one hand, these features facilitate data transactions and transfer across parties. On the other hand, they pose challenges in terms of data management, governance, security, and privacy across systems, countries, and regions (Frezal & Garsous, 2020;LinkedIn, 2023;Mahjoub et al, 2022;Salisu, 2023). Moreover, the interoperability issues between various BCT systems and platforms obstruct crossborder transactions, operations, regulations, and governance across various countries and regions (Frezal & Garsous, 2020;LinkedIn, 2023).…”

“…On the other hand, they pose challenges in terms of data management, governance, security, and privacy across systems, countries, and regions (Frezal & Garsous, 2020;LinkedIn, 2023;Mahjoub et al, 2022;Salisu, 2023). Moreover, the interoperability issues between various BCT systems and platforms obstruct crossborder transactions, operations, regulations, and governance across various countries and regions (Frezal & Garsous, 2020;LinkedIn, 2023). SMEs find governmental support in terms of IT governance, data monitoring, and adoption initiatives to be attractive incentives.…”

National intelligence and illicit trade: a cross-country study

“…For example, the recent study conducted in the Australian context by King (2019) provides evidence that, due to the growing number of successful interception of illicit tobacco products at the frontier, the national cultivation of chop-chop is increasing as criminal groups discover alternative ways to finance their activities. With regard to the environmental aspect, illicit trade involves activities such as the toxic waste dumping (Kone, 2014;Mashiri and Sebele-Mpofu, 2015) and illicit pesticides trade (DiRienzo and Das, 2020;Frezal and Garsous, 2020). Finally, as noted by Shelley (2020, p. 14), illicit trade is also taking place in the cyberspace.…”

Effects of Non-Compliance With Intellectual Property Rights Regarding Pesticides

“…Counterfeit pesticides are characterised by high-quality fake branding and packaging, and may therefore be difficult to distinguish from a legal product. In contrast, fake pesticides can be more easily identified due to their poor quality and packaging" (OECD, 2018;Frezal, & Garsous, 2020).…”