“…The Andes probably achieves its greatest geomorphological complexity in Colombia ( Cediel et al 2003 ), where the main range of the Andes coming from Ecuador branches off into three ranges (i.e., Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera Oriental) that are separated by deep inter-Andean valleys (i.e., Cauca and Magdalena) ( Kattan et al 2004 ). Among these three main ranges, the north of Cordillera Central is of particular biogeographic interest, not only because of its high levels of species richness and endemism in vertebrates ( Cuervo et al 2008a ) and plants ( Callejas et al 2005 ), but also because elements from several other biogeographic areas (e.g., Choc ó , Central America, and inter-Andean valleys) converge in this region ( Cuervo et al 2008b ). Although the northern Andes have long been recognized as an important biogeographic area ( Chapman 1917 ), such interesting biogeographic patterns have been recently refined by intense fieldwork conducted in this region for groups such as birds, frogs, and reptiles, which have resulted in the description of nine new endemic vertebrates in merely a decade: two species of birds ( Cuervo et al 2001, Cuervo et al 2005, three snakes ( Passos et al 2009 ), one lizard ( Velasco et al 2010 ), and three frogs ( Bravo-Valencia and Rivera-Correa 2011 , Rivera-Correa and Guti é rrez-C á rdenas 2012 , Rivera-Correa and Faivovich 2013 ).…”