New Estimates of Extreme Poverty for Children

Newhouse, David; Becerra, Pablo Suarez; Evans, Martin C.

doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7845

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Government officials need to ensure that policy recommendations or demands made by the IMF do not entail inadvertent deleterious effects, whether directly or via erosion of parental resources. One way of achieving this is to expand the recently launched cocooperation among the IMF, the World Bank, and UNICEF (47,48), geared toward closer monitoring of the sociospatially multidirectional impacts of adjustment on children. This effort would give policy makers the opportunity to identify both beneficial and adverse effects over time, and thus to orient adjustment policies toward fostering economic stability without endangering population health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of International Monetary Fund programs on child health

Daoud

Nosrati

Reinsberg

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Parental education is located at the center of global efforts to improve child health. In a developing-country context, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a crucial role in determining how governments allocate scarce resources to education and public health interventions. Under reforms mandated by IMF structural adjustment programs, it may become harder for parents to reap the benefits of their education due to wage contraction, welfare retrenchment, and generalized social insecurity. This study assesses how the protective effect of education changes under IMF programs, and thus how parents' ability to guard their children's health is affected by structural adjustment. We combine cross-sectional stratified data (countries, 67; children, 1,941,734) from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The sample represents ∼2.8 billion (about 50%) of the world's population in year 2000. Based on multilevel models, our findings reveal that programs reduce the protective effect of parental education on child health, especially in rural areas. For instance, in the absence of IMF programs, living in an household with educated parents reduces the odds of child malnourishment by 38% [odds ratio (OR), 0.62; 95% CI, 0.66-0.58]; in the presence of programs, this drops to 21% (OR, 0.79; 95% CI,. In other words, the presence of IMF conditionality decreases the protective effect of parents' education on child malnourishment by no less than 17%. We observe similar adverse effects in sanitation, shelter, and health care access (including immunization), but a beneficial effect in countering water deprivation.International Monetary Fund | education | child health | development | structural adjustment

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of International Monetary Fund programs on child health

Daoud

Nosrati

Reinsberg

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In recent years, child poverty has taken the centre stage in global debates in both industrialised and developing countries. According to the World Bank [1] estimates, out of 767 million people living in extreme monetary poverty, 385 million of them were children below 18 years. The Human Development Index (HDI) also estimates that out of 1.5 billion people considered multidimensionally poor, 750 million were children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decomposing multidimensional child poverty and its drivers in the Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, West Africa

et al. 2020

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Background: The global poverty profile shows that Africa and Asia bear the highest burden of multidimensional child poverty. Child survival and development therefore depend on socioeconomic and environmental factors that surround a child.The aim of this paper is to measure multidimensional child poverty and underpin what drives it among children aged 5 to 18 years in a resource poor region of Burkina Faso. Methods: Using primary data collected from a cross sectional study of 722 households in the Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, the Alkire-Foster methodology was applied to estimate and decompose child poverty among children aged 5-18 years. Seven broad dimensions guided by the child poverty literature, data availability and the country's SDGs were used. A binary logistic regression model was applied to identify drivers of multidimensional child poverty in the region. Results: The highest prevalence of deprivations were recorded in water and sanitation (91%), information and leisure (89%) followed by education (83%). Interestingly, at k = 3 (the sum of weighted indicators that a child must be deprived to be considered multidimensionally poor), about 97% of children are deprived in at least three of the seven dimensions. At k = 4 to k = 6, between 88.7 and 30.9% of children were equally classified as suffering from multidimensional poverty. The odds of multidimensional poverty were reduced in children who belonged to households with a formally educated mother (OR = 0.49) or stable sources of income (OR = 0.31, OR = 0.33). The results equally revealed that being an adolescent (OR = 0.67), residing in the urban area of Boromo (OR = 0.13) and rural area of Safané (OR = 0.61) reduced the odds of child poverty. On the other hand, child poverty was highest among children from the rural area of Yé (OR = 2.74), polygamous households (OR = 1.47, OR = 5.57 and OR = 1.96), households with an adult head suffering from a longstanding illness (OR = 1.61), households with debts (OR = 1.01) and households with above five number of children/woman (OR = 1.49). Conclusion: Child poverty is best determined by using a multidimensional approach that involves an interplay of indicators and dimensions, bearing in mind its causation.

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“…Among children living in extreme income poverty in 89 developing countries, it is estimated that, between 2009 and 2013, 9 per cent of all children in urban areas lived on less than $1.90 per day (Newhouse, Evans and Suarez 2016;UNICEF and World Bank 2016). Although 9 per cent sounds like a small minority, in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world, and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization.…”

Section: Urban Child Povertymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although income poverty rates are generally lower in urban areas, poverty is more complex and multidimensional than in rural areas, and the numbers of poor urban households are rising constantly, along with urbanization rates. Furthermore, children are disproportionally affected by poverty: they represent a third of the global population but half of the global poor population (Newhouse, Evans and Suarez 2016). According to ILO (2017), only 35 per cent of children worldwide enjoy effective access to social protection, with almost 1.3 billion children not covered, most of whom live in Africa and Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Social Assistance (With a Child Lens) Help in Reducing Urban Poverty in Ghana? Evidence, Challenges and the Way Forward

Devereux¹,

Abdulai²,

Cuesta³

et al. 2018

Innocenti Working Papers

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Can social assistance (with a child lens) help in reducing urban poverty in Ghana? Evidence, challenges and way forward, Innocenti Working Paper 2018-16, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.The Office of Research -Innocenti is UNICEF's dedicated research centre. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable.Publications produced by the Office are contributions to a global debate on children and may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches. The views expressed are those of the authors.The Office of Research -Innocenti receives financial support from the Government of Italy, while funding for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees.For further information and to download or order this and other publications, please visit the website at www.unicef-irc.org. ABSTRACTExperience with urban social assistance programmes is still limited, and fewer poor households are reached by social protection in urban than in rural areas. Many urban programmes are extensions or duplicates of rural programmes, but urban-sensitive social protection needs to reflect the distinct vulnerabilities of the urban poor. Applying a child lens requires identifying and addressing the specific risks and multiple deprivations that are experienced by half of urban children in developing countries (e.g. child labour, streetism, crime). The New Urban Agenda emphasizes a need for social protection to reach informal workers, to facilitate access to essential public services, and to realise the right to adequate housing for all. Costs of living are higher in urban areas, where the poor must pay for utilities and services, such as rent, transport and water, that are cheaper or free in rural villages. Instead of producing food for home consumption, urban residents depend on market purchases and are vulnerable to price inflation.Designing social assistance for urban contexts faces challenges such as accurately targeting the poor (given the spatial geography of urban poverty) and setting appropriate payment levels (given the high and variable costs of urban living). Geographic targeting (e.g. informal settlements), proxy means testing (if urban-sensitive) and categorical targeting (e.g. street children) are popular mechanisms in urban areas, but community-based targeting is often inappropriate (because of urban social fragmentation) while self-targeting can be unethical (e.g. where wages below market rates are paid in public works projects) and might contradict rights-based approaches. As for payments, programmes such as the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee in China pay benefits that are higher in urban areas, where needs and resources are greater. To avoid perceptions of inequity, a d...

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New Estimates of Extreme Poverty for Children

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Impact of International Monetary Fund programs on child health

Impact of International Monetary Fund programs on child health

Decomposing multidimensional child poverty and its drivers in the Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, West Africa

Can Social Assistance (With a Child Lens) Help in Reducing Urban Poverty in Ghana? Evidence, Challenges and the Way Forward

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