Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is recognized
by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most potent toxin
and as a Tier 1 biowarfare agent. The severity and longevity of botulism
stemming from BoNT/A is of significant therapeutic concern, and early
administration of antitoxin–antibody therapy is the only approved
pharmaceutical treatment for botulism. Small molecule therapeutic
strategies have targeted both the heavy chain (HC) and the light chain
(LC) catalytic active site and α-/β-exosites. The LC translocation
mechanism has also been studied, but an effective, nontoxic inhibitor
remains underexplored. In this work, we screened a library of salicylanilides
as potential translocation inhibitors. Potential leads following a
primary screen were further scrutinized to identify sal30, which has a cellular minimal concentration of a drug that is required
for 50% inhibition (IC50) value of 141 nM. The inquiry
of salicylanilide sal30’s mechanism of action
was explored through a self-quenched fluorogenic substrate conjugated
to bovine serum albumin (DQ-BSA) fluorescence, confocal microscopy,
and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibition assays. The
summation of these findings imply that endolysosomal proton translocation
through the protonophore mechanism of sal30 causes endosome
pH to increase, which in turn prevents LC translocation into cytosol,
a process that requires an acidic pH. Thus, the inhibition of BoNT/A
activity by salicylanilides likely occurs through disruption of pH-dependent
endosomal LC translocation. We further probed BoNT inhibition by sal30 using additivity analysis studies with bafilomycin A1,
a known BoNT/A LC translocation inhibitor, which indicated the absence
of synergy between the two ionophores.