New insights into diabetes mellitus and its complications: a narrative review

Abstract

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder accompanied by complications of multiple organs and systems.Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most prevalent lethal complications of diabetes. Although numerous biomarkers have be clarified for early diagnosis of DN, renal biopsy is still the gold standard. As a noninvasive imaging diagnostic method, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI can help understand the kidney oxygenation status and fibrosis process and monitor the efficacy of new drugs for DN via monitoring renal blood oxygen levels. Recent studies have shown that noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were all involved in the development of DN, which could be exploited as therapeutic strategy to control DN. Dyslipidemia is also a common complication of diabetes. Apolipoprotein M (apoM), as a novel apolipoprotein, may be related to the development and progression of diabetes, which need to further investigation. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is another common complication of diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). At present, there is no simple, effective and rapid diagnostic method to early identification of OSA in patients with diabetes. A nomogram consisted of waist-to-hip ratio, smoking status, body mass index, serum uric acid, HOMA-IR and history of fatty liver might be an alternative method to early assess the risk of OSA.

Clinical significance of serum miR-129-5p in patients with diabetes mellitus presenting macrovascular complications

“…With the development of RNA-seq and next-generation sequencing technologies[ 17 , 18 ], an increasing number of miRNAs have been discovered and identified to be strongly associated with the development of DM[ 19 - 21 ]. miRNAs are present in human plasma in a stable form, showing a higher specificity and sensitivity of detection than serum proteins.…”

TIMP3 involvement and potentiality in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy

“…Moreover, clinical treatment of DN remains a challenge due to its complex etiology. A growing number of studies have focused on the biomarkers for early diagnosis of DN [ 65 ]. Urinary exosomes, plasma/serum or urinary level of different microRNAs, proteins or metabolites are perceived as a potential novel way of detecting DN during its early stages.…”

Enhanced renoprotective actions of Paricalcitol and omega-3 fatty acids co-therapy against diabetic nephropathy in rat

“…Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prime predisposing factor for developing end stage kidney disease and chronic renal failure [1] , [2] . While the clinical hallmark of DN is progressive albuminuria and declines in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glomerulopathy also concurs with elevated amounts of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and increased kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) usually reflects tubular damage [3] , [4] .…”