New Insights Into the Real-Time Performance of a Multicore Processor

Delgado, Raimarius; Choi, Byoung Wook

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3029858

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the approach given by R. Delgado and Byoung-Wook Choi [6], sheds fresh light on the performance of Linux's real-time extensions, Xenomai and RT-Preempt, on a homogenous multi-core CPU. They identify distinct multi-core installations and analyze their trade-offs, as determined via experimental scheduling delay evaluation.…”

Section: F Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Study of Load Balancing Approaches in Real-Time Multi-Core Systems for Mixed Real-Time Tasks

Jadon,

Kannan,

Kalaria

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Real-time systems are becoming pervasive with the growing global connectivity and rising consumer demands. The need for real-time processing has become a crucial part of many business applications worldwide. A key factor that determines the time taken for an application to give out the result hinges on its ability to prioritize, manage, and execute real-time workloads. However, there are several difficulties and constraints connected with implementing tasks in a real-time context. This research study primarily focuses on load balancing for mixed real-time tasks on a multi-core system, one of the major challenges for executing real-time workloads. The purpose of load balancing is to distribute the load evenly among the processor(s) and maximize their utility while minimizing overall execution time. Several algorithms have been implemented in theory to improve performance and efficiency by distributing the system workload across multiple nodes. The goal of this paper is to present a critical analysis of existing load-balancing techniques for both periodic and aperiodic tasks. The paper explores several factors, including throughput, performance, migration time, response time, overhead, resource utilization, scalability, fault tolerance, power efficiency, and other variables that play a crucial role in assessing the efficacy of load balancing in real-time systems. This study also identifies areas that warrant further exploration or investigation, suggesting potential avenues for future research, and highlighting emerging trends or developments that may shape the field. INDEX TERMSScheduling algorithms; Real-time systems; Priority-driven algorithms; EDF (Earliest Deadline First); RM (Rate-Monotonic); LBPSA (load balanced partitioning and scheduling algorithm); Homogenous multi-core; Heterogenous multi-core; Static algorithms; Dynamic algorithms.

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Section: F Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Static load balancing methods, as reflected in papers such as [38,5,30,46,48,6,8], establish task allocation schemes that remain fixed throughout system operation. These approaches often rely on task characteristics and system parameters to determine optimal task assignments.…”

Section: B Static and Dynamic Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study of Load Balancing Approaches in Real-Time Multi-Core Systems for Mixed Real-Time Tasks

Jadon,

Kannan,

Kalaria

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…In contrast, isolCPU provides a more stringent form of CPU isolation by completely excluding a subset of CPUs from the RT-Kernel Scheduler [65]. Configured at boot time using the isolcpus feature [66], isolated CPUs cannot be allocated to any user-space process or Kernel-space threads, unless the CPU affinity of a process specifies that it should run on the isolated CPUs [17].…”

Section: Mitigating Impact On Vbbu Rt Performance: Exploring Cpu Isol...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Cloud-RAN in the Linux Kernel: Sharing Computing and Network Resources

Ocampo,

Fida,

Elmokashfi

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Cloud-based Radio Access Network (Cloud-RAN) leverages virtualization to enable the coexistence of multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) with collocated workloads on a single edge computer, aiming for economic and operational efficiency. However, this coexistence can cause performance degradation in vBBUs due to resource contention. In this paper, we conduct an empirical analysis of vBBU performance on a Linux RT-Kernel, highlighting the impact of resource sharing with user-space tasks and Kernel threads. Furthermore, we evaluate CPU management strategies such as CPU affinity and CPU isolation as potential solutions to these performance challenges. Our results highlight that the implementation of CPU affinity can significantly reduce throughput variability by up to 40%, decrease vBBU’s NACK ratios, and reduce vBBU scheduling latency within the Linux RT-Kernel. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of CPU management strategies to enhance vBBU performance in Cloud-RAN environments, enabling more efficient and stable network operations. The paper concludes with a discussion on the efficient realization of Cloud-RAN, elucidating the benefits of implementing proposed CPU affinity allocations. The demonstrated enhancements, including reduced scheduling latency and improved end-to-end throughput, affirm the practicality and efficacy of the proposed strategies for optimizing Cloud-RAN deployments.

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“…By applying the Preempt-RT patch to a Linux kernel, real-time tasks can be executed alongside non-real-time tasks in the same user space. This integration offers features such as symmetrical multiprocessing (SMP) and priority inheritance to avoid priority inversion outcomes [39,40]. Furthermore, the development of real-time applications is facilitated by its compatibility with existing libraries and tools that comply with the POSIX standard [23].…”

Section: Real-time Performance Measurement Of Preempt-rtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Performance Benchmarking of RISC-V Architecture: Implementation and Verification on an EtherCAT-Based Robotic Control System

Yoo,

Choi

2024

Electronics

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RISC-V offers a modular technical approach combined with an open, royalty-free instruction set architecture (ISA). However, despite its advantages as a fundamental building block for many embedded systems, the escalating complexity and functional demands of real-time applications have made adhering to response time deadlines challenging. For real-time applications of RISC-V, real-time performance analysis is required for various ISAs. In this paper, we analyze the real-time performance of RISC-V through two real-time approaches based on processor architectures. For real-time operating system (RTOS) applications, we adopted FreeRTOS and evaluated its performance on HiFive1 Rev B (RISC-V) and STM3240G-EVAL (ARM M). For real-time Linux, we utilized Linux with the Preempt-RT patch and tested its performance on VisionFive 2 (RISC-V), MIO5272 (x86-64), and Raspberry Pi 4 B (ARM A). Through these experiments, we examined the response times on the real-time mechanisms of each operating system. Additionally, in the Preempt-RT experiments, scheduling latencies were evaluated by means of the cyclictest. These are very important parameters for implementing real-time applications comprised of multi-tasking. Finally, in order to show the real-time capabilities of RISC-V practically, we implemented motion control of a six-axis collaborative robot, which was performed on the VisionFive 2. This implementation provided a comparative result of RISC-V’s performance against the x86-64 architecture. Ultimately, the results indicated that the real-time performance of RISC-V for real-time applications was feasible. A noticeable achievement of this research is its first implementation of an EtherCAT master on RISC-V designed for real-time applications. The successful implementation of the EtherCAT master on RISC-V shows real-time capabilities for a wide range of real-time applications.

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New Insights Into the Real-Time Performance of a Multicore Processor

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

A Comprehensive Study of Load Balancing Approaches in Real-Time Multi-Core Systems for Mixed Real-Time Tasks

A Comprehensive Study of Load Balancing Approaches in Real-Time Multi-Core Systems for Mixed Real-Time Tasks

Assessing the Cloud-RAN in the Linux Kernel: Sharing Computing and Network Resources

Real-Time Performance Benchmarking of RISC-V Architecture: Implementation and Verification on an EtherCAT-Based Robotic Control System

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