New poly(ether-phosphoramide)s sulfides based on green resources as sensitive films for the specific impedimetric detection of nickel ions

Review—Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing of Lead Ion

“…Polymers.-For the sake of improving the poor conductivity of bare working electrode, researchers proposed to modify the working electrode with conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, polyamide, polyaniline, etc, to improve the conductivity and reduce the impedance. 35,36 Usually, electropolymerization technology is chosen to fix the conductive polymer film on the surface of the working electrode. Electropolymerization refers to the polymerization reaction in which the monomer is decomposed into free radicals or ions by oxidation-reduction on the electrode through electrolysis in an electrolytic cell with proper electrolyte.…”

Impedimetric sensors based on diethylphosphonate‐containing poly(arylene ether nitrile)s films for the detection of lead ions

“…Phosphorus atoms can be incorporated in polymers under different forms 7 . Phosphates (O‐PO(OH) 2 ), 8 phosphoramides (RR′‐(PO)‐NR″ 2 ), 9 phosphonates esters (R‐PO(OR) 2 ) or phosphonic acids (R‐PO(OH) 2 ) 10–14 have gained a special interest because of their fascinating properties and potential applications in many fields. Phosphonic acids are especially useful in ion‐exchange materials, are incorporated in membranes (in paper and textile industry) for biomedical purposes, in desalination systems, 15 in proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications 16,17 or are used to chelate rare earth elements 18 .…”