“…With the advancement of technology and integration and automation of many processes, I4 has come into play to the digitalization of processes in the manufacturing and service sectors in recent times. The digitalization of processes and applications in the service sector is evident from various research studies, including I4 for the hospitality sector (Shamim et al , 2017), I4 in apparel new product development (Wijewardhana et al , 2021), I4 on the performance of cargo logistics (Rahman et al , 2020) and blockchain application in the banking industry (Guo and Liang, 2016). Very recently, the adoption of I4 technologies in the healthcare sector has attracted increased attention among researchers, including a comprehensive analysis of carried benefits and cross-disciplinary challenges (Aceto et al , 2020), Healthcare 4.0 adoption barriers in emerging economies (Tortorella et al , 2020) and bigdata and healthcare sector (Groves et al , 2016) However, these studies are limited to conceptual level, and there is lack of empirical research on I4 and lean healthcare in developing economies.…”