New reassortant and enzootic European swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model

Fobian, Kristina; Fabrizio, Thomas; Yoon, Sun‐Woo; Hansen, Mette Sif; Webby, Richard J.; Larsen, Lars Erik

doi:10.1099/vir.0.000094

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have focused on ferret-to-ferret transmission of reassortant viruses as a means of assessing risk because the ferret is an accepted small animal model for human influenza, and this animal has comparable anatomic properties, such as respiratory tract distribution of virus receptors, clinical manifestations, and transmission patterns (25). The reassortant H1N2 virus isolated in Denmark incorporates all pH1N1 genes except the NA segment (10). However, ferretto-ferret transmission consistently occurred only by direct contact and not by the airborne respiratory droplet route.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses

Everett¹,

Nash²,

Löndt³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NA segment was N2 subtype in both instances. Subsequently, viruses have been identified that contain the NA segment from European enzootic H3N2 strains and the remaining 7 segments from pH1N1-origin viruses (10,11) or a further reassortant containing H3 of human seasonal origin (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses

Everett¹,

Nash²,

Löndt³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…As a result of these processes, a variety of sublineages and genotypes of SIV is now prevalent in swine populations worldwide, but with some geographic restrictions, . Some of these viruses may have zoonotic potential and can be retransmitted into the human population …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,14 Some of these viruses may have zoonotic potential and can be retransmitted into the human population. [15][16][17] Until 2009, the IAV subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 circulated in domestic pigs at variable rates in Europe. The current enzootic Eurasian SIV H1N1 lineage is of purely avian origin and was introduced to pigs from unknown bird populations in the late 1970s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid detection and subtyping of European swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin‐ and neuraminidase‐specific tetra‐ and triplex real‐time RT‐PCRs

Henritzi

Zhao

Starick

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundA diversifying pool of mammalian‐adapted influenza A viruses (IAV) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from IAV isolated from swine. Swine influenza viruses (SIV) are widespread in European domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. Knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic SIV in Europe is poorly understood.ObjectivesEfficient SIV surveillance programmes depend on sensitive and specific diagnostic methods which allow for cost‐effective large‐scale analysis.MethodsNew SIV haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype‐ and lineage‐specific multiplex real‐time RT‐PCRs (RT‐qPCR) have been developed and validated with reference virus isolates and clinical samples.ResultsA diagnostic algorithm is proposed for the combined detection in clinical samples and subtyping of SIV strains currently circulating in Europe that is based on a generic, M‐gene‐specific influenza A virus RT‐qPCR. In a second step, positive samples are examined by tetraplex HA‐ and triplex NA‐specific RT‐qPCRs to differentiate the porcine subtypes H1, H3, N1 and N2. Within the HA subtype H1, lineages “av” (European avian‐derived), “hu” (European human‐derived) and “pdm” (human pandemic A/H1N1, 2009) are distinguished by RT‐qPCRs, and within the NA subtype N1, lineage “pdm” is differentiated. An RT‐PCR amplicon Sanger sequencing method of small fragments of the HA and NA genes is also proposed to safeguard against failure of multiplex RT‐qPCR subtyping.ConclusionsThese new multiplex RT‐qPCR assays provide adequate tools for sustained SIV monitoring programmes in Europe.

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“…The transmission of the 2009 human pandemic IAV H1N1pdm09in a reverse zoonotic mode from human into swine populations has further led to the emergence of a plethora of unique reassortants in swine, some of which have been characterized to have zoonotic and prepandemic propensity (Fobian et al, 2015;Henritzi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of domestic swine to influenza A viruses in Ghana suggests unidirectional, reverse zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface

Ayim-Akonor

Mertens

May

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have both zoonotic and anthroponotic potential and are of public and veterinary importance. Swine are intermediate hosts and ‘mixing vessels’ for generating reassortants, progenies of which may harbour pandemic propensity. Swine handlers are at the highest risk of becoming infected with IAVs from swine but there is little information on the ecology of IAVs at the human–animal interface in Africa. We analysed and characterized nasal and throat swabs from swine and farmers respectively, for IAVs using RT‐qPCR, from swine farms in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Sera were also analysed for IAVs antibodies and serotyped using ELISA and HI assays. IAV was detected in 1.4% (n = 17/1,200) and 2.0% (n = 2/99) of swine and farmers samples, respectively. Viral subtypes H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 were found in human samples. All virus‐positive swine samples were subtyped as H1N1pdm09 phylogenetically clustering closely with H1N1pdm09 that circulated among humans during the study period. Phenotypic markers that confer sensitivity to Oseltamivir were found. Serological prevalence of IAVs in swine and farmers by ELISA was 3.2% (n = 38/1,200) and 18.2% (n = 18/99), respectively. Human H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 antibodies were found in both swine and farmers sera. Indigenous swine influenza A viruses and/or antibodies were not detected in swine or farmers samples. Majority (98%, n = 147/150) of farmers reported of not wearing surgical mask and few (4%, n = 6) reported to wear gloves when working. Most (n = 74, 87.7%) farmers reported of working on the farm when experiencing influenza‐like illness. Poor husbandry and biosafety practices of farmers could facilitate virus transmission across the human–swine interface. Farmers should be educated on the importance of good farm practices to mitigate influenza transmission at the human–animal interface.

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New reassortant and enzootic European swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses

Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses

Rapid detection and subtyping of European swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin‐ and neuraminidase‐specific tetra‐ and triplex real‐time RT‐PCRs

Exposure of domestic swine to influenza A viruses in Ghana suggests unidirectional, reverse zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface

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