New red-fleshed apple cultivars: a comprehensive review of processing effects, (poly)phenol bioavailability and biological effects

Yuste, Sílvia; Ludwig, Iziar A.; Romero, Marı́a-Paz; Motilva, María‐José; Rubió, Laura

doi:10.1039/d2fo00130f

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…However, consumers eat much less of the apple skin than the flesh. Therefore, apple varieties with red flesh are of great importance for increasing human intake of flavonoids to maintain health (Wang et al, 2018;Yuste et al, 2022).…”

Section: Red-flesh Apple Polyphenols and Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the red-fleshed apple: History and its importance for horticulturists, gardeners, nurserymen, and consumers

Mezhenskyj,

Pyshcholka,

Mezhenska

et al. 2024

Biosys. divers.

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The present review summarizes the information on the botany, breeding, genetic features, cultivation, and nutraceutical values of red-fleshed apples. Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana or Niedzwetzky’s apple became widely known after the publication of Georg Dieck in the last XIX century. It is characterized by anthocyanin coloration of all organs. Another source of red flesh is the ancient variety ‘Surprise’, which differs from the Niedzwetzky’s apple by a mutation in another gene. These two mutated genes, MYB10 and MYB110a, are located on chromosomes 9 and 17, respectively. Their expression correlated with the anthocyanin accumulation. In type 1 red-fleshed apples, which belong to the Niedzwetzky’s apple progeny, the transcription factor MYB10 confers extensive anthocyanin accumulation in fruit flesh and skin, flowers, leaves, and stems. In type 2 red-fleshed apples, the ‘Surprise’ progeny, only the flesh is red, determined by the transcription factor MYB110а. A new combination Malus domestica f. niedzwetzkyana comb. nov. has been proposed for orchard apples, originated from Niedzwetzky’s apple. The apple cultivars which are progeny of Niedzwetzky’s apple and ‘Surprise’ apple can be placed to Malus Niedzwetzkyana Group and Malus Surprise Group, respectively. All red-fleshed cultivars of orchard apple can be grouped together into Malus domestica Red Flesh Group. Many dozens of new ornamental apple trees have been developed for of European and North American conditions, including the most famous red-flowered centennial apple varieties such ‘Aldenhamensis’, ‘Lemoinei’, ‘Makamik’, and ‘Oekonomierat Echtermeyer’. Rootstocks ‘MB’, ‘PB9’, ‘54-118’, ‘62-396’ and others have become popular in nurseries for the propagation of dwarf and semi-dwarf apple trees thanks to their red leaves, which are useful when removing scion shoots from budded plants. In the F3-F4 and next generation, the new high-quality red-fleshed cultivars have been developed by crossing both Niedzwetzky’s apple and ‘Surprise’ apple with the best orchard apple varieties. Marker-assisted breeding shows great promise for accelerating the development of new red-fleshed cultivars with outstanding traits. The use of the Redlove®, Red Moon®, Kissabel®, and Lucy™ apples brands will ensure the red-fleshed apples’ best path to the consumer as well as the fruit quality and production volume of these novelties. Increasing the consumption of red-fleshed apples is essential for a healthy diet.

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Section: Red-flesh Apple Polyphenols and Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the red-fleshed apple: History and its importance for horticulturists, gardeners, nurserymen, and consumers

Mezhenskyj,

Pyshcholka,

Mezhenska

et al. 2024

Biosys. divers.

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“…f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf.] are a variety of Xinjiang wild apples that are native to the Ili region of Xinjiang, China, and Kazakhstan in Central Asia, which have red or dark-red fruits, flowers, and leaves ( 24 , 25 ). Red-fleshed apples are rich in a variety of active substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract alleviates CCl4-induced liver injury in mice

Jiang

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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In recent years, the global incidence of liver damage has increased. Despite the many known health benefits of red-fleshed apple flavonoids, their potential liver-protective effects have not yet been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the composition of red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract (RAFE) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We then induced liver damage in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and performed interventions with RAFE to analyze its effect on liver damage, using bifendate as a positive control. The results showed that catechin was the most abundant flavonoid in ‘XJ4’ RAFE (49.346 mg/100 g). In liver-injured mice, the liver coefficients converged to normal levels following RAFE intervention. Moreover, RAFE significantly reduced the enzymatic activity levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (ALT), glutamic alanine transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in mouse serum. Furthermore, RAFE significantly increased the content or enzyme activity level of total glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase, and significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde in the liver of mice. In parallel, we performed histopathological observations of mouse livers for each group. The results showed that RAFE restored the pathological changes caused by CCl4 around the central hepatic vein in mice and resulted in tightly bound hepatocytes. The recovery effect of RAFE was dose-dependent in the liver tissue. Regarding intestinal microorganisms, we found that RAFE restored the microbial diversity in liver-injured mice, with a similar microbial composition in the RAFE intervention group and normal group. RAFE reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, increased the levels of probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Clostridium, and reduced the levels of harmful bacteria, such as Erysipelothrix Rosenbach. Therefore, RAFE ameliorated CCl4-induced liver damage by modulating the abundance and composition of intestinal microorganisms in mice. In conclusion, RAFE alleviated CCl4-induced liver damage in mice, with H-RAFE (5 mg kg–1) significantly improving liver damage in mice but M-RAFE (1 mg kg–1) significantly improving the imbalance of intestinal microorganisms in mice. Our research suggests that RAFE could be employed for the adjuvant treatment and prevention of liver damage, and may have important applications in food and medicine.

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“…Nutritional interventions or botanicals such as polyphenols can be a greatly accepted, inexpensive, and efficacious option to preserve against age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, leading to important personal and societal benefits ( Tewari et al, 2018 ; de Araujo et al, 2021 ). Synchronously, considering the transformation at the colonic level and absorption, the good bioavailability of some polyphenols owing to the ability to pass the blood–brain barrier, to a various extent, facilitated the interest in these molecules as fresh neuroprotective means against neurodegenerative disorders ( Yan et al, 2022 ; Yuste et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ellagic Acid: A Dietary-Derived Phenolic Compound for Drug Discovery in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Ellagic acid (EA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, is detected in free form or linked to polyols or sugars, constituting hydrolyzable tannins or ellagitannins in distinct fruits, nuts, and herbs. Today, a considerable number of botanicals and enriched foods containing EA are commercially available as nutraceuticals and used to prevent mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to the excellent neuroprotective capacity of EA. Here, this study aims to provide an overview of the physicochemical properties, source, and pharmacokinetics of EA and to emphasize the importance and mechanisms of EA in the prevention and management of MCI. To date, preclinical studies of EA and its derivatives in various cell lines and animal models have advanced the idea of dietary EA as a feasible agent capable of specifically targeting and improving MCI. The molecular mechanisms of EA and its derivatives to prevent or reduce MCI are mainly through reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction and loss, and defective mitochondrial functions. Nevertheless, well-designed and correctly large randomized controlled trials in the human population need to be performed to reinforce the scientific facticity of the beneficial effects of EA against MCI. Synchronously, the mechanism of EA against MCI is least provided cynosure and expects more attention from the emerging research community.

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New red-fleshed apple cultivars: a comprehensive review of processing effects, (poly)phenol bioavailability and biological effects

Abstract: Red-fleshed apple cultivars with an enhanced content of anthocyanins have recently attracted the interest of apple producers and consumers due to their color attraction and the promising added health benefits....

Cited by 6 publications

References 89 publications

An overview of the red-fleshed apple: History and its importance for horticulturists, gardeners, nurserymen, and consumers

An overview of the red-fleshed apple: History and its importance for horticulturists, gardeners, nurserymen, and consumers

Red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract alleviates CCl4-induced liver injury in mice

Ellagic Acid: A Dietary-Derived Phenolic Compound for Drug Discovery in Mild Cognitive Impairment

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