New Strategies for the Preparation of Sinter‐Resistant Metal‐Nanoparticle‐Based Catalysts

Abstract

The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901905. Supported metal nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts in the industrial production of chemicals, but still suffer from deactivation because of metal leaching and sintering at high temperature. In recent years, serious efforts have been devoted to developing new strategies for stabilizing metal nanoparticles. Recent developments for preparing sinter-resistant metalnanoparticle catalysts via strong metal-support interactions, encapsulation with oxide or carbon layers and within mesoporous materials, and fixation in zeolite crystals, are briefly summarized. Furthermore, the current challenges and future perspectives for the preparation of highly efficient and extraordinarily stable metal-nanoparticle-based catalysts, and suggestions regarding the mechanisms involved in sinter resistance, are proposed. Nanoparticle Catalysts

Selective steam reforming of n‐dodecane over stable subnanometric NiPt clusters encapsulated in Silicalite‐1 zeolite

“…Moreover, subnanometric nickel clusters(<2 nm) exhibited significantly improved catalytic properties because of the more accessible active sites and enhanced charge transfer between metal and supports compared with larger metal clusters . Nevertheless, they easily suffer from severe sintering during reaction due to their increased surface free energy by small particle size . Therefore, inhibition of high dispersed metal sintering under reforming conditions is of particular importance for the development of efficient reforming catalysts.…”

“…Although the SMSI by metal‐oxide bonding could stabilize the metal nanoparticles, most of industrially supported metal catalysts are on the inert supports with weak metal–support interaction. Therefore, more methods to construct the physical barriers for stabilizing metal nanoparticles are still in demand …”

“…15,16 Nevertheless, they easily suffer from severe sintering during reaction due to their increased surface free energy by small particle size. [17][18][19] Therefore, inhibition of high dispersed metal sintering under reforming conditions is of particular importance for the development of efficient reforming catalysts.…”

“…Therefore, more methods to construct the physical barriers for stabilizing metal nanoparticles are still in demand. 18 The emerging encapsulation strategy has been demonstrated as another efficient way to protect clusters against sintering and poisoning. Active metal species were confined in space of a protective shell or matrix, which would restrain aggregation of metal nanoparticles.…”

Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt‐based Electrocatalysts: From Theoretical Mechanisms to Practical Methods

“…Considering the recent advances in nanostructure‐based ORR enhancement of the Pt–late transition metal alloys (Pt x ‐LTMs, normally including Ni, Co, and Cu), therefore, it is of great interest to develop synthetic strategies to prepare and tailor analogous nanostructures of early transition metal‐containing catalysts to resist dissolution. The cohesive energy of these secondary metals in intermetallic Pt–M alloys can be further increased through ordered occupation, which, however, is usually accomplished under high temperature (>700 °C) leading to agglomeration or sintering . Therefore, it is crucial to develop new strategies for the preparation of intermetallic Pt–M alloys without overgrowth.…”