New surface-coating materials: electron-beam curing of some silicon-containing acrylates

Batten, Richard; Davidson, R. S.; Ellis, Richard J.; Wilkinson, Susan A.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90092-b

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Various other studies devoted to monomers including heteroatoms, such as diphenylvinyl phosphine oxide obtaining polymers with polar yet aprotic properties useful as a host matrix [83], vinylsulfonamide to produce functional polymers useful as synthetic fibers, adhesives, ion exchange resins [84], vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, as a precursor of chemically stable separation membranes and resins [85], and highly reactive multifunctional acrylates including Si, Sn, or Ge atoms as a consequence of their high stopping power and/or for potential applications as high refractive index materials [86][87][88] have been reported.…”

Section: Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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Ionizing radiation has become the most effective way to modify natural and synthetic polymers through crosslinking, degradation, and graft polymerization. This review will include an in-depth analysis of radiation chemistry mechanisms and the kinetics of the radiation-induced C-centered free radical, anion, and cation polymerization, and grafting. It also presents sections on radiation modifications of synthetic and natural polymers. For decades, low linear energy transfer (LLET) ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and up to 10 MeV electron beams, has been the primary tool to produce many products through polymerization reactions. Photons and electrons interaction with polymers display various mechanisms. While the interactions of gamma ray and X-ray photons are mainly through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair-production, the interactions of the high-energy electrons take place through coulombic interactions. Despite the type of radiation used on materials, photons or high energy electrons, in both cases ions and electrons are produced. The interactions between electrons and monomers takes place within less than a nanosecond. Depending on the dose rate (dose is defined as the absorbed radiation energy per unit mass), the kinetic chain length of the propagation can be controlled, hence allowing for some control over the degree of polymerization. When polymers are submitted to high-energy radiation in the bulk, contrasting behaviors are observed with a dominant effect of cross-linking or chain scission, depending on the chemical nature and physical characteristics of the material. Polymers in solution are subject to indirect effects resulting from the radiolysis of the medium. Likewise, for radiation-induced polymerization, depending on the dose rate, the free radicals generated on polymer chains can undergo various reactions, such as inter/intramolecular combination or inter/intramolecular disproportionation, b-scission. These reactions lead to structural or functional polymer modifications. In the presence of oxygen, playing on irradiation dose-rates, one can favor crosslinking reactions or promotes degradations through oxidations. The competition between the crosslinking reactions of C-centered free radicals and their reactions with oxygen is described through fundamental mechanism formalisms. The fundamentals of polymerization reactions are herein presented to meet industrial needs for various polymer materials produced or degraded by irradiation. Notably, the medical and industrial applications of polymers are endless and thus it is vital to investigate the effects of sterilization dose and dose rate on various polymers and copolymers with different molecular structures and morphologies. The presence or absence of various functional groups, degree of crystallinity, irradiation temperature, etc. all greatly affect the radiation chemistry of the irradiated polymers. Over the past decade, grafting new chemical functionalities on solid polymers by radiation-induced polymerization (also called RIG for Radiation-Induced Grafting) has been widely exploited to develop innovative materials in coherence with actual societal expectations. These novel materials respond not only to health emergencies but also to carbon-free energy needs (e.g., hydrogen fuel cells, piezoelectricity, etc.) and environmental concerns with the development of numerous specific adsorbents of chemical hazards and pollutants. The modification of polymers through RIG is durable as it covalently bonds the functional monomers. As radiation penetration depths can be varied, this technique can be used to modify polymer surface or bulk. The many parameters influencing RIG that control the yield of the grafting process are discussed in this review. These include monomer reactivity, irradiation dose, solvent, presence of inhibitor of homopolymerization, grafting temperature, etc. Today, the general knowledge of RIG can be applied to any solid polymer and may predict, to some extent, the grafting location. A special focus is on how ionizing radiation sources (ion and electron beams, UVs) may be chosen or mixed to combine both solid polymer nanostructuration and RIG. LLET ionizing radiation has also been extensively used to synthesize hydrogel and nanogel for drug delivery systems and other advanced applications. In particular, nanogels can either be produced by radiation-induced polymerization and simultaneous crosslinking of hydrophilic monomers in “nanocompartments”, i.e., within the aqueous phase of inverse micelles, or by intramolecular crosslinking of suitable water-soluble polymers. The radiolytically produced oxidizing species from water, •OH radicals, can easily abstract H-atoms from the backbone of the dissolved polymers (or can add to the unsaturated bonds) leading to the formation of C-centered radicals. These C-centered free radicals can undergo two main competitive reactions; intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinking. When produced by electron beam irradiation, higher temperatures, dose rates within the pulse, and pulse repetition rates favour intramolecular crosslinking over intermolecular crosslinking, thus enabling a better control of particle size and size distribution. For other water-soluble biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and RNA, the abstraction of H atoms or the addition to the unsaturation by •OH can lead to the direct scission of the backbone, double, or single strand breaks of these polymers.

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Section: Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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“…The conventional sol−gel process has several disadvantages including a large volume shrinkage resulting from the removal of solvents and small molecular byproducts of the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions such as water and alcohol. Recently a number of researchers have addressed this problem − by replacing the solvent-based alkoxides, such as methoxy and ethoxy, with polymerizable alkoxide groups. Because this process involves the polymerization of the hydroxyl monomer, the volume shrinkage can be considerably reduced or eliminated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerization Kinetics and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Silanes Hydrolyzed without Evolution of Byproducts. Tetrakis[(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy]silane−Diethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

et al. 2011

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The temperature dependence of photopolymerization kinetics of tetrakis[(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy]silane (TetMESi) was compared with an analogue, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate and their copolymers. In all cases, the kinetics are controlled by the temperature dependence of the propagation step, the effect of diffusion on radical termination, the effect of rising glass transition during cure, and topological restraint on complete conversion. The glass transition regions of these polymers were very broad, suggesting their use in high temperature applications. NMR of the TetMESi monomer, and FTIR and water sorption measurements during exposure to water of the TetMESi-based polymers showed that the Si−O−C bond was slowly hydrolyzed, resulting in water-swollen polymers containing poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) which reduced the glass transition temperature and narrowed the glass transition region. UV−vis spectroscopic studies showed that during exposure to water, SiO2 nanoparticles or nanostructures were formed from the condensation of the silanol groups formed during the hydrolysis of TetMESi.

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“…A photoinitiator is added to guarantee immediate curing upon exposure to UV light. Additionally, nonreactive additives are also introduced into formulations to meet specific application requirements 2, 3…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aromatic amine‐epoxidized sunflower free‐fatty‐acid adducts as corrosion inhibitors in epoxy‐curable varnishes

Mohamed

Ibrahim

Kandil

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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With strict regulation of environmental pollution, sunflower fatty acids were used to prepare highmolecular-weight aromatic amine adducts by reaction of their epoxidized form [epoxidized sunflower free fatty acid (ESFA)] with five aromatic amines [o-toluidine (o-T), m-toluidine (m-T), p-toluidine (p-T), p-anizidine (p-A), and p-chloroaniline (p-ClA)] under severe conditions of an inert atmosphere and high temperature. The produced adducts were characterized physically, chemically, and by IR spectroscopy. The acid values and oxirane contents of the prepared adducts were determined to confirm the participation of carboxylic groups and epoxy groups, respectively, in the reaction of ESFA with aromatic amines. Also, to avoid volatile organic compounds, the prepared adducts of ESFA (o-T-ESFA, m-T-ESFA, p-T-ESFA, p-A-ESFA, and p-ClA-ESFA) were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in electron-beam-curable epoxy acrylate oligomer formulations. Physical and mechanical measurements were carried out, in addition to corrosionresistance tests and weight loss measurements of the coated steel panels. The optimum concentration of each adduct was determined for the prepared formulations. The corrosion-inhibition efficiency of the adducts in varnish formulations were determined. It was found that varnish formulations containing the prepared aromatic amine adducts could protect steel from corrosion. The corrosioninhibition efficiencies of the prepared aromatic amines in epoxy acrylate oligomer varnishes were arranged as fol-

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New surface-coating materials: electron-beam curing of some silicon-containing acrylates

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Photopolymerization Kinetics and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Silanes Hydrolyzed without Evolution of Byproducts. Tetrakis[(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy]silane−Diethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

Aromatic amine‐epoxidized sunflower free‐fatty‐acid adducts as corrosion inhibitors in epoxy‐curable varnishes

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