New trends in DECR plasma technology: applications to novel duplex treatments and process combinations with extreme plasma specifications

Pelletier, Jacques; Lacoste, A.; Arnal, Y.; Lagarde, T.; Lincot, C.; Hertz, D.

doi:10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01020-9

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Plasma nitridation was previously applied to enhance the wear resistance of AISI 316 stainless steel [32]. The previous works not only showed the effectiveness of nitridation in enhancing the wear resistance of 316 control rod clusters but also demonstrated the feasibility of the nitridation technique to treat tubes of >4 m length with high throughput (>30 tubes in one treatment) [32]. There is no barrier to directly adopting the technique to treat Zircaloy alloys of complicated geometry, from tubes to spacers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZrN Phase Formation, Hardening and Nitrogen Diffusion Kinetics in Plasma Nitrided Zircaloy-4

et al. 2021

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Plasma nitridation was conducted to modify the surfaces of Zircaloy-4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman analysis were used to characterize microstructures and phases. Surface indentation and cross-sectional indentation were performed to evaluate mechanical property changes. Nitridation forms a thin layer of ZrN phase, followed by a much deeper layer affected by nitrogen diffusion. The ZrN phase is confirmed by both TEM and Raman characterization. The Raman peaks of ZrN phase show a temperature dependence. The intensity increases with increasing nitridation temperatures, reaches a maximum at 700 °C, and then decreases at higher temperatures. The ZrN layer appears as continuous small columnar grains. The surface polycrystalline ZrN phase is harder than the bulk by a factor of ~8, and the nitrogen diffusion layer is harder by a factor of ~2–5. The activation energy of nitrogen diffusion was measured to be 2.88 eV. The thickness of the nitrogen-hardened layer is controllable by changing the nitridation temperature and duration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZrN Phase Formation, Hardening and Nitrogen Diffusion Kinetics in Plasma Nitrided Zircaloy-4

et al. 2021

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“…Given the use of plasma in PECVD, it is the most energy-intensive technique among all CVD methods. However, such high energy can not only damage fragile substrates [ 103 ] but also weaken cross-linking [ 104 ].…”

Section: Micro- and Nanofabrication Techniques To Create Superhydroph...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Lotus Leaf

et al. 2022

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Nature has proven to be a valuable resource in inspiring the development of novel technologies. The field of biomimetics emerged centuries ago as scientists sought to understand the fundamental science behind the extraordinary properties of organisms in nature and applied the new science to mimic a desired property using various materials. Through evolution, living organisms have developed specialized surface coatings and chemistries with extraordinary properties such as the superhydrophobicity, which has been exploited to maintain structural integrity and for survival in harsh environments. The Lotus leaf is one of many examples which has inspired the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. In this review, the fundamental science, supported by rigorous derivations from a thermodynamic perspective, is presented to explain the origin of superhydrophobicity. Based on theory, the interplay between surface morphology and chemistry is shown to influence surface wetting properties of materials. Various fabrication techniques to create superhydrophobic surfaces are also presented along with the corresponding advantages and/or disadvantages. Recent advances in the characterization techniques used to quantify the superhydrophobicity of surfaces is presented with respect to accuracy and sensitivity of the measurements. Challenges associated with the fabrication and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces are also discussed.

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“…Plasma treatment represents a dry, clean, eco-friendly technique for the surface modification of various materials (polymer, metal, wood, glass, etc.) [ 11 ]. The interactions of plasma-created species with a polymer surface can lead to different processes depending on the conditions used, such as the gas/gas mixture (Ar, N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , NH 3 ) and processing parameters (pressure, nominal power, treatment time, gas flow rate) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Separation of Emulsified Water/Oil Mixtures through Adsorption on Plasma-Treated Polyethylene Powder

et al. 2021

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This paper addresses the preparation and characterization of efficient adsorbents for tertiary treatment (oil content below 100 ppm) of oil/water emulsions. Powdered low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was modified by radio-frequency plasma discharge and then used as a medium for the treatment of emulsified diesel oil/water mixtures in the concentration range from 75 ppm to 200 ppm. Plasma treatment significantly increased the wettability of the LDPE powder, which resulted in enhanced sorption capability of the oil component from emulsions in comparison to untreated powder. Emulsions formed from distilled water and commercial diesel oil (DO) with concentrations below 200 ppm were used as a model of oily polluted water. The emulsions were prepared using ultrasonication without surfactant. The droplet size was directly proportional to sonication time and ranged from 135 nm to 185 nm. A sonication time of 20 min was found to be sufficient to prepare stable emulsions with an average droplet size of approximately 150 nm. The sorption tests were realized in a batch system. The effect of contact time and initial oil concentrations were studied under standard atmospheric conditions at a stirring speed of 340 rpm with an adsorbent particle size of 500 microns. The efficiency of the plasma-treated LDPE powder in oil removal was found to be dependent on the initial oil concentration. It decreased from 96.7% to 79.5% as the initial oil concentration increased from 75 ppm to 200 ppm. The amount of adsorbed oil increased with increasing contact time. The fastest adsorption was observed during the first 30 min of treatment. The adsorption kinetics for emulsified oils onto sorbent followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

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New trends in DECR plasma technology: applications to novel duplex treatments and process combinations with extreme plasma specifications

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

ZrN Phase Formation, Hardening and Nitrogen Diffusion Kinetics in Plasma Nitrided Zircaloy-4

ZrN Phase Formation, Hardening and Nitrogen Diffusion Kinetics in Plasma Nitrided Zircaloy-4

Advances in the Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Lotus Leaf

The Separation of Emulsified Water/Oil Mixtures through Adsorption on Plasma-Treated Polyethylene Powder

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