New triterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng

A New Dammarane Triterpenoid Compound Isolated From Ixora Finlaysoniana

“…13 C NMR Table ( [17] . A one oxymethine proton resonates in doublet of doublet at δ 3.18 (H-3a) with a coupling constant 11 Hz and 5.5 Hz which indicated that C exhibited β-oriented hydroxyl group [18] with absence of signal at δ 5.39 of olefinic bond at C-12 which prove 12-13 dihydro dammarane type triterpene and two olefinic proton at H-21 (δ H 4.57, 1H, brs-H-21a and δ H 4.69 , 1H, brs-H-21b), suggested that it was a dammarane-type triterpene [19,20] . 13 C NMR spectrum was similar to that of triterpenoid dammarane type; but downfield shifts for C-1 (δ = 215) featured an additional one oxygenated quaternary carbon atom (δ = 215 for C-1) and absence of H-1.These results confirm the position of the carbonyl group at C-1.…”

Total ginsenosides suppress monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats: involvement of nitric oxide and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

“…To date, at least 30 different ginsenosides have been extracted from the roots [6], stems, or leaves of P. ginseng [7]. Several cell culture and animal studies show that ginsenosides confer beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system through various mechanisms including adjusting blood pressure, modifying vasomotor function, stimulating NO production, and influencing ion channels [8], [9].…”

Simultaneous Determination of Eight Ginsenosides in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to Their Pharmacokinetics

“…A lot of studies on ginsenosides have mainly focused on the roots and rhizomes of P. ginseng because the aerial parts, including the stems and leaves, are usually discarded. In recent years, we conducted exploratory research on the chemical ingredients in the stems-leaves of P. ginseng harvested annually, and demonstrated that composition of total saponins in the stems and leaves of P. ginseng (GTSSL) [2][3][4][5] is not different from those of the roots and rhizomes of P. ginseng [6,7]. GTSSL contained ginsenoside in the chemical structure, such as ginsenosides Rh 1 and Rg 3 , and is currently investigated as an anti-aging agent at the preclinical research stage.…”

“…In recent years, we conducted exploratory research on the chemical ingredients in the stems-leaves of P. ginseng harvested annually, and demonstrated that composition of total saponins in the stems and leaves of P. ginseng (GTSSL) [2][3][4][5] is not different from those of the roots and rhizomes of P. ginseng [6,7]. GTSSL contained ginsenoside in the chemical structure, such as ginsenosides Rh 1 and Rg 3 , and is currently investigated as an anti-aging agent at the preclinical research stage. During the last decade, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) have been introduced into the earlier stages of drug discoveries instead of a serial of strategy, because ADMET and pharmacokinetic (PK) issues are partly responsible for failure in clinical trials.…”

“…It is therefore important to investigate PK characteristics of the main active components in GTSSL. The main purpose of this subject is to establish and validate a rapid, accurate, precise, sensitive, and selective high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of the main active ginsenosides of GTSSL in rat plasma including ginsenoside Rg 1 (1) [9][10][11][12], 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh 1 (2) [13][14][15][16][17], 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg 2 (3) [12,[18][19][20], 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh 1 (4), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg 2 (5) [18], ginsenoside Rd (6) [21][22][23], 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg 3 (7) [12,[24][25][26], and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg 3 (8) [27,28]. Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 1.…”