New Utilization of Specific Biomass: Lignin in the Iron Ore Sintering Process

Findorák, Róbert; Legemza, Jaroslav; Fröhlichová, Mária; Fabriciová, Gabriela; Džupková, Martina

doi:10.3390/met10091170

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Another option to include biomass in the production route of ferrochromium is the replacement of coke or coal during the sintering operation to agglomerate chromite fines, which was already investigated several times recently for the sintering of iron ore [123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] and the pelletizing of iron ore [34,35,48,54,119,135]. However, there are also difficulties to overcome when charcoal is used for sintering.…”

Section: Pre-reduction and Agglomeration Of Chromium Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

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Section: Pre-reduction and Agglomeration Of Chromium Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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“…Iron sand contains magnetic minerals such as magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and titanomagnetite [1][2][3][4]. However, iron sand is obtained in an impure state in nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Magnetic Mineral Types of Iron Sand at Sampulungan Beach, Takalar Regency Based on Magnetic Susceptibility Values

Tiwow

Muhammad

Sulistiawaty

et al. 2019

MSF

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Analysis on magnetic minerals of iron sand in Sampulungan Beach, Takalar Regency based on magnetic susceptibility value has been conducted. Iron sand was taken on 30 points and extracted using a rod magnet, then measured magnetic susceptibility using Bartington susceptibility meter MS2 with the MS2B sensor. Furthermore, types of magnetic minerals were analyzed based on the value of magnetic susceptibility. The results showed that the percentage of magnetic mineral was higher along the trajectory near residential areas. Magnetic susceptibility values ranged from 33932.62 x 10-8 m3/kg to 71829.96 x 10-8 m3/kg. Based on the value of magnetic susceptibility, the dominant type of magnetic mineral in Sampulungan Beach is magnetite (Fe3O4) of 76 wt.%. The high magnetite potential in Sampulungan Beach can be further processed to be used in the metal industry.

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“…Up to a 50% substitution of coke powder with this type of biomass can be predicted for the technology of agglomerate production in real operation. [85] Another influencing factor is extending granulation time which can enhance the mechanical strength of granules and makes adhesive fines tightly adhered and decreases the ability to drop from the surface during the sintering process (Figure 2…”

Section: Control Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimising Particulate Emissions From Sintering Operations

Mussack¹

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Davies of TATA Steel UK for their exceedingly intellectual technical guidance, and I appreciate all for keeping me company and sane during the pandemic lockdown within our meetings. My thanks are also extended to my co-workers, specifically, the whole technical department at Harbourside and the BOS laboratories who have again, continued to assist me in my career and for this thesis through a lifetime of friendships. I want to thank the marvellous Dr. Laura Baker for inspiring and motivating me to pursue an engineering doctorate when I was self-doubtful about my ability and potential. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support that was provided by Materials and Manufacturing Academy (M2A) that has been made possible through funding from the European Social Fund via the Welsh Government, Welsh European Funding Office (WEFO) through the Welsh Government, Swansea University EPSRC impact acceleration account, the COATED doctoral training centre, and TATA Steel UK. I would want to thank Dr. (soon to be) John Lewis, for constantly pushing me to be the best version of myself while he did the worrying for both of us, as well as my fellow engineering doctorates. Finally, I would like to thank my daughter, Luana, and wife-to-be, Tabatha, and my family and friends, for their support and pain during my studies.

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New Utilization of Specific Biomass: Lignin in the Iron Ore Sintering Process

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Analysis of Magnetic Mineral Types of Iron Sand at Sampulungan Beach, Takalar Regency Based on Magnetic Susceptibility Values

Minimising Particulate Emissions From Sintering Operations

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