“…Visual navigation systems using digitally stored endoscopic images (68), computer-assisted navigational systems (45), ultrasound-based navigation systems (65,74), stereotactic frames (24,36,69,74,81), image guidance with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (52,78), and virtual reality (55) are examples of such innovations in the field of neuroendoscopy. With the combination of image-guided surgery and neuronavigation technology (45,52,53,68,74,79,83), neuroendoscopy has the potential to overcome the limitations of stereoscopic view and the ability to track the tip of the endoscope to decrease the level of invasiveness during a procedure. Surgeons are able to plan their approach and visualize their manipulation of the endoscopic instruments through virtual reality or from the real-time images on the computer screen.…”