Ni- and Fe-doped γ-Al2O3 or olivine as primary catalyst for toluene reforming

Catalytic Steam Reforming of Toluene: Understanding the Influence of the Main Reaction Parameters over a Reference Catalyst

“…Indeed, this is a versatile and interesting way to re-use different wastes (e.g., agricultural and urban wastes, energy crops, food and industrial processing residues) to produce bio-syngas, which can be used for electrical power generation (fuel cells, gas turbine or engine), or as feedstock for the synthesis of liquid fuels and chemicals such as methanol [5]. Furthermore, the necessary technology for this process can be adapted from old coal gasification units [6]. However, one of the most critical technical challenges in biomass gasification is the formation of tars.…”

Steam - oxygen gasification of refuse derived fuel in fluidized beds: Modelling and pilot plant testing

“…The tar fraction is further divided into naphthalene (representative of multi-aromatic species) and a primary lumped tar component. Both are then subject to thermal cracking and reforming reactions to yield more gas or secondary tars [43]. The initial gas fraction is composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and benzene according to Eq.…”

Activity and Stability of Different Fe Loaded Primary Catalysts for Tar Elimination

“…The concentration of Fe was fixed at 10 wt% in order to compare the catalytic activity and selectivity of the three catalysts for same amount of metal loaded. Subsequent to the impregnation process, the prepared catalysts were dried at 100 • C for 24 h and then calcined at 1000 • C for 4 h. Given that the catalytic activity of iron species generally increases with their reduction state (Fe 2 O 3 < Fe 3 O 4 < FeO < Fe(0)) [26], these ironimpregnated catalysts were used once they had been subjected to an ex situ reduction process at 850 • C for 4 h under 10 vol% H 2 stream, which ensured full reduction of ferric oxides into their metallic phase. The particle sizes of the Fe loaded catalysts were the same as those of their primary counterparts.…”

“…Acid catalysts, such as alumina or zeolites, have also been used (prior to and after metal impregnation) as catalysts for tar abatement [24]. Nevertheless, the performance of all these primary catalysts can be greatly improved by metal phase addition [19,[25][26][27][28]. Thus, support features, such as mechanical (resistance to attrition), physico-chemical (surface area, porosity, acidity, composition and density) and catalytic ones (activity / selectivity and stability) play a relevant role in the metal-support interactions, as well as in the reforming reaction mechanism itself [29].…”