Niche conservatism versus niche differentiation in sympatric chipmunks in the northern Sierra Nevada

Abstract

Closely related species are predicted to have similar fundamental niches, and therefore to compete locally and possibly be constrained to occur allopatrically. Over time, niche differentiation should lead to divergent use of niche axes, such as food or habitat. Most studies of niche divergence or of niche conservatism have focused on multiple species at large spatial scales. We studied two species of closely related chipmunks at two spatial scales in the northern Sierra Nevada. The Long-eared Chipmunk (Tamias quadrimaculatus) and the Shadow Chipmunk (T. senex) are subcryptic species that exhibit extensive geographic overlap in the northern and central Sierra Nevada. Habitat use at the macrohabitat scale was similar, with both species reaching their highest mean abundance in Red Fir (Abies magnifica) forests, but exhibiting divergent secondary affinities. Additionally, macrohabitat associations of T. senex appear to differ from those reported 50 years ago within the same forest, suggesting flexibility in the face of structural habitat changes resulting from forest management actions, climate change, or other factors. At a finer spatial scale, habitat affinities of these chipmunks differed modestly, suggesting that local distribution emphasizes slightly different microhabitat characteristics. We conclude that these species exhibit niche conservatism overall, but whether microhabitat differences reflect competition or niche divergence requires further study. Because T. quadrimaculatus has the smallest geographic range of any Sierra Nevada sciurid, it may be at risk of local extirpation or substantial range restriction in the face of climate change, large-scale high-severity wildfires, and other stochastic threats; the present research sheds light on the ecology of these species, but has important relevance for regional resource managers as well.