Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives

Myung, Seung Taek; Maglia, Filippo; Park, Kang Joon; Yoon, Chong Seung; Lamp, Peter; Kim, Sung Jin; Sun, Yang Kook

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00594

Cited by 1,156 publications

(930 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…To date, most review articles have mainly addressed structures, surface chemistry or modification of the cathode materials. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Although previously published articles well organized the complex properties of cathode materials with respect to structural, chemical, and thermal aspects, a wide range of technical challenges including the stability issue and degradation mechanisms under the industrial electrode fabrication condition have not been introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Kim

Lee

Cha

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

665

582

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practical candidate for the wide application of the LIBs with respect to the reversible capacity, rate capability, and capital cost. [4][5][6][7] In terms of nickel contents, the nickel-rich cathodes with nickel content above 80% have advantages in gravimetric capacity, allowing high gravimetric energy density, compared with the nickel content less than 80%. Currently, the nickel-rich cathodes with the amount of nickel less than 60% are fully commercialized. However, the nickel-rich cathodes with nickel content of ≥80% still have many difficulties in the commercialization with respect to powder properties and electrode fabrication process.The unstable powder properties originate from residual lithium compounds such as LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 that formed by the spontaneous reduction of sensitive trivalent nickel ions during the synthesis process and storage in air. [8][9][10][11] The Li 2 CO 3 significantly promotes the gas evolution and increase the moisture of the cathode powder, which strongly related to the safety issue. [12][13][14] Furthermore, the LiOH on the cathode increases the powder pH value, causing the gelation of the slurry during the electrode fabrication process. The nickel-rich cathode with nickel content of ≤60% have acceptable amount of residual lithium compounds for the practical use. By contrast, the cathode with amount of nickel of ≥80% should be treated by additional process to reduce the residual lithium compounds ( Table 1). Furthermore, other powder properties, such as powder pH and moisture, should be carefully controlled when nickel contents were exceeded of ≥80%. Thus, for the practical application of these cathode materials, most battery companies have adapted the washing process, in which the cathode power was stirred in purified water for 20-40 min. [15,16] The washing process could greatly reduce the residual lithium compounds and powder pH value. [15] However, the washing process not only increases process time and capital cost but also make the nickel-rich cathode more chemically sensitive than nonwashed cathodes. [16] More seriously, the water washing deteriorates the thermal stability of the nickel-rich cathodes, indicating that the washing process should be substituted by other methods for the battery safety.Another important factor for the commercialization of the nickel-rich cathodes is the electrode density directly related to the energy density. In general, the nickel-rich cathodesThe layered nickel-rich cathode materials are considered as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. However, several significant challenges, such as the unstable powder properties and limited electrode density, hindered the practical application of the nickel-rich cathode materials with the nickel content over 80%. Herein, important stability issues and in-depth understanding of the nickel-rich cathode materials on the basis of the industrial electrode fabrication condition for the commercialization of the nickel-rich cathode m...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Kim

Lee

Cha

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

665

582

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“…Positive electrodes for LIBs to be explored in electric vehicles are mainly based on lithiated transition-metal oxides comprising Ni, Co and Mn (LiNi y Co x Mn 1-y-x O 2 ) and designated as NCM. 1,2 They have attracted much attention as promising materials and therefore many research projects have been dedicated to them in the past 20 years. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In studies of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM333) cathodes, it was demonstrated [4][5][6] that they provided a capacity of 200 mAh/g in the voltage range of 2.5-4.6 V, or ∼155 mAh/g if the cutoff voltage is limited by 4.3 V. 7 A substantially improved high-voltage performance of NCM333 electrodes (up to 4.6 V) was achieved by introducing tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate additive in the electrolyte solution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 electrodes demonstrate reversible capacities of ∼200 mAh/g in the range of 3.0-4.2 V; the material has lower cost and is more environmentally friendly comparing to other compositions. 1,2,13 However, NCA electrodes show structural instability, poor cycling behavior at high rates, elevated temperatures and in wide potential ranges, as well as capacity losses of up to 30%. 14 There is a consensus in the literature that the above drawbacks originate from the unstable Ni 4+ ions developed in the charge state (high anodic potential, most Li + extracted from NCA).…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies of the Electrochemical Behavior of LiNi_0.80Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Electrodes Coated with LiAlO₂

Srur-Lavi

Miikkulainen

Markovsky

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this paper, we studied the influence of LiAlO 2 coatings of 0.5, 1 and 2 nm thickness prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition onto LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 electrodes, on their electrochemical behavior at 30 and 60 • C. It was demonstrated that upon cycling, 2 nm LiAlO 2 coated electrodes displayed ∼3 times lower capacity fading and lower voltage hysteresis comparing to bare electrodes. We established a correlation among the thickness of the LiAlO 2 coating and parameters of the self-discharge processes at 30 and 60 • C. Significant results on the elevated temperature cycling and aging of bare and LiAlO 2 coated electrodes at 4.3 V were obtained and analyzed for the first time. By analyzing of X-ray diffraction patterns of bare and 2 nm coated LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 electrodes after cycling, we concluded that cycled materials preserved their original structure described by R-3m space group and no additional phases were detected. The lithium-ion batteries (LIB) market nowadays has expanded widely from cellular phones, computers and other electronic devices to the automotive industry. Positive electrodes for LIBs to be explored in electric vehicles are mainly based on lithiated transition-metal oxides comprising Ni, Co and Mn (LiNi y Co x Mn 1-y-x O 2 ) and designated as NCM.1,2 They have attracted much attention as promising materials and therefore many research projects have been dedicated to them in the past 20 years. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In studies of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM333) cathodes, it was demonstrated 4-6 that they provided a capacity of 200 mAh/g in the voltage range of 2.5-4.6 V, or ∼155 mAh/g if the cutoff voltage is limited by 4.3 V.7 A substantially improved high-voltage performance of NCM333 electrodes (up to 4.6 V) was achieved by introducing tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate additive in the electrolyte solution.8 These authors suggest that the additive takes part in the formation of the solid-electrolyte interface by lowering and stabilization of the interfacial resistance. NCM333 and NCM424 materials were studied in our group from the viewpoint of their electrochemical behavior, aging mechanisms, thermal properties, and surface chemistry developed upon cycling in ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate/LiPF 6 based solutions.9 LiNi y Co x Mn 1-y-x O 2 materials with higher Ni content (y > 5) are important due to high capacity that can be extracted by charging up to 4.3 V only. However, Ni-rich NCMs suffer from their low cycling stability especially for compositions with Ni ≥ 60%, severe capacity fading and impedance increase during cycling at elevated temperatures (e.g. 45• C). One of the effective ways to stabilize the structure of NCM materials, to increase cycling activity and to diminish the heat evolution of the electrodes in a charged 14 There is a consensus in the literature that the above drawbacks originate from the unstable Ni 4+ ions developed in the charge state (high anodic potential, most Li + extracted from NCA). These Ni-ions can be readily reduce...

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“…This is quite cheap and productive technology is used widely for industrial purposes. However, recently there has been a downward trend in the growth of the energy intensity dynamics of the CSC, created by this technology [1][2][3]. Therefore, the urgent task is to find and develop new technologies that will provide the necessary dynamics of energy intensity growth of CSC and UCS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

theoretical bases of perspective chemical sources of current (CSC) and ultra-high-volume capacitor structures (UCS) for electric energy accumulators

Владимирович¹,

Yuryevich²,

Олеговна³

2018

IJET

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The paper analyzes thin-film technologies for advanced CSC and UCS. It is shown that the amount of accumulated energy is determined by the work of moving the charges in a given direction. This dependence determines the energy intensity of the CSC and UCS shows that the process of accumulation of electric energy in them is the same, and is determined mainly by polarization effects in the system. Because the mechanism of accumulation of electric energy in the CSC and UCS from a physical point of view is the same, there is a possibility to combine design solutions and to create a unified electrode material for a CSC and UCS in thin-film technology. In this case, it is possible to increase the specific energy capacity of the energy storage device while increasing its specific power in a single design solution. The traditional design of CSC and electrolytic UCS focused on the formation of electrode materials for thick-film technology. From this point of view, thin-film technologies, which have been actively developed recently, are promising. The prospect of developing thin-film technologies is associated with the use of nanomaterials and nanostructures, which can form more energy-intensive materials and significantly change the processes of converting the energy of the double electric layer and chemical interaction into electrical energy. The task of the article is to study thin-film technologies theoretically and experimentally in order to determine their development prospects for high-energy current sources, determine the ranges of their use and the possibility of industrial implementation. However, recently there has been a tendency to reduce the dynamics of growth in energy intensity of CSC generated by this technology.

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Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives

Cited by 1,156 publications

References 188 publications

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Studies of the Electrochemical Behavior of LiNi_0.80Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Electrodes Coated with LiAlO₂

theoretical bases of perspective chemical sources of current (CSC) and ultra-high-volume capacitor structures (UCS) for electric energy accumulators

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Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives

Cited by 1,156 publications

References 188 publications

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Studies of the Electrochemical Behavior of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2Electrodes Coated with LiAlO2

theoretical bases of perspective chemical sources of current (CSC) and ultra-high-volume capacitor structures (UCS) for electric energy accumulators

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Studies of the Electrochemical Behavior of LiNi_0.80Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Electrodes Coated with LiAlO₂