Nicotianamine ‐ a common constituent of strategies I and II of iron acquisition by plants: A review

Scholz, G.; Becker, Roswitha; Pich, Axel; Stephan, Udo W.

doi:10.1080/01904169209364428

Cited by 107 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Whereas nas4x-2 plants were chlorotic and sterile, the residual NA in nas4x-1 was sufficient so sustain plant viability and reproduction, illustrating that only small amounts of NA were needed to complete the life cycle. In line with these results, mti1 and dep1 mutants did not display interveinal chlorosis, which is typical for NA deficiency and was first reported in the NA-less tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant chloronerva (Scholz et al, 1992). We therefore concluded that the S deficiency-induced reproductive defects of mti1 and dep1 were not caused by insufficient metal supply through a lack of NA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Phloem-Specific Methionine Recycling Fuels Polyamine Biosynthesis in a Sulfur-Dependent Manner and Promotes Flower and Seed Development

et al. 2015

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The Yang or Met Cycle is a series of reactions catalyzing the recycling of the sulfur (S) compound 59-methylthioadenosine (MTA) to Met. MTA is produced as a by-product in ethylene, nicotianamine, and polyamine biosynthesis. Whether the Met Cycle preferentially fuels one of these pathways in a S-dependent manner remained unclear so far. We analyzed Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with defects in the Met Cycle enzymes 5-METHYLTHIORIBOSE-1-PHOSPHATE-ISOMERASE1 (MTI1) and DEHYDRATASE-ENOLASE-PHOSPHATASE-COMPLEX1 (DEP1) under different S conditions and assayed the contribution of the Met Cycle to the regeneration of S for these pathways. Neither mti1 nor dep1 mutants could recycle MTA but showed S-dependent reproductive failure, which was accompanied by reduced levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in mutant inflorescences. Complementation experiments with external application of these three polyamines showed that only the triamine spermine could specifically rescue the S-dependent reproductive defects of the mutant plants. Furthermore, expressing gene-reporter fusions in Arabidopsis showed that MTI1 and DEP1 were mainly expressed in the vasculature of all plant parts. Phloem-specific reconstitution of Met Cycle activity in mti1 and dep1 mutant plants was sufficient to rescue their S-dependent mutant phenotypes. We conclude from these analyses that phloem-specific S recycling during periods of S starvation is essential for the biosynthesis of polyamines required for flowering and seed development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Phloem-Specific Methionine Recycling Fuels Polyamine Biosynthesis in a Sulfur-Dependent Manner and Promotes Flower and Seed Development

et al. 2015

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“…The latter conclusion was based on grafting experiments using an Fe over-accumulating mutant (dgl) of pea which indicated that the dgl shoot was constitutively producing a signal compound of an unknown kind that was acting to stimulate Fe(III) reductase activity in the root (Grusak and Pezeshgi, 1996). A role for the non-protein amino acid nicotianamine (an efficient chelator of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) in sensing of internal Fe status has been hypothesized based on the Fe-overaccumulating phenotype of a nicotianamine-deficient tomato mutant (chloronerva) (Scholz et al, 1992). In addition, the root system of the recessive tomato mutant fer is unable to induce any of the characteristic responses to Fe deficiency (Bienfait, 1988;Ling et al, 1996) and the Fer gene product is thought to be a component of the Fe sensing or regulatory system responsible for induction of genes that mediate the Fe-deficiency responses (for a more detailed discussion of Fe sensing in plants and other organisms see Schmidt, 1999) Fig .…”

Section: Systemic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nutritional control of root development

Forde

Lorenzo

2002

Interactions in the Root Environment: An Integrated Approach

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Root development is remarkably sensitive to variations in the supply and distribution of inorganic nutrients in the soil. Here we review examples of the ways in which nutrients such as N, P, K and Fe can affect developmental processes such as root branching, root hair production, root diameter, root growth angle, nodulation and proteoid root formation. The nutrient supply can affect root development either directly, as a result of changes in the external concentration of the nutrient, or indirectly through changes in the internal nutrient status of the plant. The direct pathway results in developmental responses that are localized to the part of the root exposed to the nutrient supply; the indirect pathway produces systemic responses and seems to depend on long-distance signals arising in the shoot. We propose the term 'trophomorphogenesis' to describe the changes in plant morphology that arise from variations in the availability or distribution of nutrients in the environment. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms of external and internal nutrient sensing, the possible nature of the long-distance signals and the role of hormones in the trophomorphogenic response.Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; NR, nitrate reductase; P i , inorganic phosphate

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“…The chloronerva mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), which lacks NAS activity (Higuchi et al, 1996b), is not able to use Fe correctly (Becker et al, 1995). This mutant shows symptoms typical of Fe deficiency (Stephan and Grü n, 1989), including intercostal chlorosis in young leaves, although it accumulates more Fe in all tissues than do wild-type plants (Scholz et al, 1985;Becker et al, 1992). Grafting the chloronerva mutant onto the wild type, or vice versa, restores the normal phenotype (Bö hme and Scholz, 1960), and exogenous application of NA is also able to revert the phenotype (Budesinsky et al, 1980 from maize that encodes a MAs-Fe(III) complex transporter.…”

Section: Two Different Expression Patterns With Different Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NAS is also important for growth in nongraminaceous plants, which do not synthesize MAs (Higuchi et al, 1996a). In these plants, NA has been implicated in the internal transport of metal ions (Scholz et al, 1992;Stephan and Scholz, 1993;Pich et al, 1994;Stephan et al, 1994). Since Higuchi et al (1999b) isolated the first NAS gene from barley, NAS genes have been isolated from barley again (Herbik et al, 1999), and from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; Ling et al, 1999), Arabidopsis (Suzuki et al, 1999), and rice (Oryza sativa; Higuchi et al, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Nicotianamine Synthase Genes Isolated from Maize Are Differentially Regulated by Iron Nutritional Status

et al. 2003

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Nicotianamine synthase (NAS) is an enzyme that is critical for the biosynthesis of the mugineic acid family of phytosiderophores in graminaceous plants, and for the homeostasis of metal ions in nongraminaceous plants. We isolated one genomic NAS clone, ZmNAS3, and two cDNA NAS clones, ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2, from maize (Zea mays cv Alice). In agreement with the increased secretion of phytosiderophores with Fe deficiency, ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 were positively expressed only in Fe-deficient roots. In contrast, ZmNAS3 was expressed under Fe-sufficient conditions, and was negatively regulated by Fe deficiency. This is the first report describing down-regulation of NAS gene expression in response to Fe deficiency in plants, shedding light on the role of nicotianamine in graminaceous plants, other than as a precursor in phytosiderophore production. ZmNAS1-green fluorescent protein (sGFP) and ZmNAS2-sGFP were localized at spots in the cytoplasm of onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells, whereas ZmNAS3-sGFP was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of these cells. ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS3 showed NAS activity in vitro, whereas ZmNAS2 showed none. Due to its duplicated structure, ZmNAS2 was much larger (65.8 kD) than ZmNAS1, ZmNAS3, and previously characterized NAS proteins (30-38 kD) from other plant species. We reveal that maize has two types of NAS proteins based on their expression pattern and subcellular localization.To acquire Fe, graminaceous plants secrete Fe chelators, known as mugineic-acid family phytosiderophores (MAs). MAs dissolve Fe in the rhizosphere, followed by reabsorption of the Fe(III)-MA complexes through YS1 transporters in the plasma membrane (Takagi, 1976; Curie et al., 2001). Only graminaceous plants use the MA mechanism of acquiring Fe(III), classified as the Strategy II mechanism (Marschner et al., 1986). Fe deficiency is a problem in crop production worldwide, especially in calcareous soils, where Fe is sparingly soluble due to the high soil pH. The ability of graminaceous plants to tolerate Fe deficiency is thought to depend on the quantity of MAs secreted during Fe deficiency (Takagi, 1976;Mori et al., , 1988Rö mheld, 1987;Kawai et al., 1988;Mihashi and Mori, 1989;Singh et al., 1993). The biosynthetic pathways of MAs (Fig. 1A) have been determined Kawai et al., 1988;Shojima et al., 1990;Ma et al., 1999), and almost all the genes involved have been isolated in our laboratory (Higuchi et al., 1999b;Takahashi et al., 1999;Nakanishi et al., 2000;Kobayashi et al., 2001). NAS is a key enzyme in MA biosynthesis, catalyzing the trimerization of SAM into one molecule of NA (Higuchi et al., 1999b). NAS activity in graminaceous plants is well correlated with tolerance to Fe deficiency. In maize (Zea mays), a plant susceptible to Fe deficiency, NAS activity is very low (Higuchi et al., 1996a), and maize secretes lower amounts of MAs than barley or oat (Avena sativa), cereals that are tolerant of low Fe supply (Rö mheld, 1987;Lytle and Jolley, 1991). NAS is also important for growth in nongraminaceous plants, which do not ...

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Nicotianamine ‐ a common constituent of strategies I and II of iron acquisition by plants: A review

Cited by 107 publications

References 39 publications

Phloem-Specific Methionine Recycling Fuels Polyamine Biosynthesis in a Sulfur-Dependent Manner and Promotes Flower and Seed Development

Phloem-Specific Methionine Recycling Fuels Polyamine Biosynthesis in a Sulfur-Dependent Manner and Promotes Flower and Seed Development

The nutritional control of root development

Three Nicotianamine Synthase Genes Isolated from Maize Are Differentially Regulated by Iron Nutritional Status

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