Nipah virus infection in Kozhikode, Kerala, South India, in 2018: Epidemiology of an outbreak of an emerging disease

Bina, Thomas; Chandran, Priya; Lilabi, M P; George, Biju; Sivakumar, CP; Jayadev, VK; Bindu, V. R.; Rajasi, RS; Vijayan, B; Mohandas, Anu; Hafeez, Nimin

doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_198_19

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Human case clustering in these recent NiV outbreaks supports a concerning new feature of person-to-person transmission ( 132 , 155 – 157 ). In some recent outbreaks, such as the 2018 Kerala, India outbreak during which 16 of 18 confirmed cases died, the overwhelming majority of cases and fatalities were due to human-to-human transmission after one or a few index animal-human transmissions ( 155 , 158 , 159 ). These developments raise concern for an increased risk of large-scale and lethal pandemic spread, prompting designation of NiV by the WHO to a high-risk “priority disease” ( 160 , 161 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

et al. 2021

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The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors the spread of diseases globally and maintains a list of diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Currently listed diseases include Chikungunya, cholera, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Neisseria meningitis, MERS-CoV, monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS, smallpox, tularemia, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. The associated pathogens are increasingly important on the global stage. The majority of these diseases have neurological manifestations. Those with less frequent neurological manifestations may also have important consequences. This is highlighted now in particular through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and reinforces that pathogens with the potential to spread rapidly and widely, in spite of concerted global efforts, may affect the nervous system. We searched the scientific literature, dating from 1934 to August 2020, to compile data on the cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and treatment of each of the diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential as viewed through a neurologist's lens. We included articles with an abstract or full text in English in this topical and scoping review. Diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential can be spread directly from human to human, animal to human, via mosquitoes or other insects, or via environmental contamination. Manifestations include central neurologic conditions (meningitis, encephalitis, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, seizures), peripheral and cranial nerve syndromes (sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia), post-infectious syndromes (acute inflammatory polyneuropathy), and congenital syndromes (fetal microcephaly), among others. Some diseases have not been well-characterized from a neurological standpoint, but all have at least scattered case reports of neurological features. Some of the diseases have curative treatments available while in other cases, supportive care remains the only management option. Regardless of the pathogen, prompt, and aggressive measures to control the spread of these agents are the most important factors in lowering the overall morbidity and mortality they can cause.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

et al. 2021

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“…The case rate was lowest in Kerala state; it successfully implemented various measures, including testing, contact tracing, medical resource mobilisation and communication in the initial stage of the epidemic entry 19 . Additionally, Kerala had a Nipah virus outbreak during May 2018 20 and gained experience in containment infectious disease outbreaks as compared to their counterpart states; this likely contributed to their low case rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health interventions in India slowed the spread of COVID-19 epidemic dynamics

Lowerison

Lewinson

Vallerand

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The government of India implemented social distancing interventions to contain the COVID-19 epidemic. However, effects on epidemic dynamics are yet to be understood. Methods Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections per day and effective reproduction number (Rt) were estimated for 4 periods (Pre-lockdown and Lockdown Phases 1 to 3) according to nationally implemented phased interventions. Adoption of these interventions was estimated using Google mobility data. Estimates at the national level and for 12 Indian states most affected by COVID-19 are presented. Findings Daily case rates ranged from 0.03 to 30.05/10 million people across 4 discrete periods in India. From May 4-17, 2020, the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi had the highest case rate (222/10 million people/day), whereas Kerala had the lowest (2.18/10 million/day). Average Rt was 1.99 (95% CI 1.93-2.06) for India; it ranged from 1.38 to 2.78, decreasing over time. Median mobility in India decreased in all contact domains, with the lowest being 21% in retail/recreation (95% CI 13-46%), except home which increased to 129% (95% CI 117-132%) compared to the 100% baseline value. Interpretation The Indian government imposed strict contact mitigation, followed by a phased relaxation, which slowed the spread of COVID-19 epidemic progression in India. The identified daily COVID-19 case rates and Rt will aid national and state governments in formulating ongoing COVID-19 containment plans. Furthermore, these findings may inform COVID-19 public health policy in developing countries with similar settings to India. Funding Non-funded.

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“…The government maintained a constant vigil, anticipated the crisis, and prepared itself to handle the crisis. The Nipah outbreak helped create a medical protocol to handle highly infectious disease emergencies (the Nipah outbreak saw 18 infections and 16 deaths) (Thomas et al, 2019 ). Public healthcare already had experience in isolation, containment, surveillance, and quarantining of highly infectious diseases.…”

Section: Crisis Communication By Kerala Governmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of effective crisis communication by the government in managing the first wave Covid‐19 pandemic – A study of Kerala government's success

Sanjeev

Pande

2021

Journal of Public Affairs

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Effective crisis communication is critical for successful crisis management. The current study is an attempt to unravel the public communication efforts of the Kerala government in its successful Covid‐19 crisis management efforts during the first wave of the pandemic. The findings of the study indicate that the government has successfully used pre‐crisis communication to inoculate the stakeholders, ‘steal thunder’, and bolster their crisis management capabilities. Effective crisis communication, by the government, has ensured proper information management, media management, right supportive action, and direct communication with stakeholders. Effective communication has also helped the government in garnering favourable constituent attribution, positive framing, positive affect in stakeholder, and enlist active stakeholder participation in crisis management; resulting in, effective crisis management and enhanced reputation for the government. The study unravels the best practices of the Kerala government, in public crisis communication, during the pre‐crisis and crisis stages of the first wave of the pandemic and proposes a Kerala model of crisis communication. The model can be used as a reference for future government communication efforts during a crisis across geographies.

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Nipah virus infection in Kozhikode, Kerala, South India, in 2018: Epidemiology of an outbreak of an emerging disease

Cited by 50 publications

References 12 publications

Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

Public health interventions in India slowed the spread of COVID-19 epidemic dynamics

Role of effective crisis communication by the government in managing the first wave Covid‐19 pandemic – A study of Kerala government's success

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