Nitrite–dependent nitric oxide production pathway: implications for involvement of active nitrogen species in photoinhibition<i>in vivo</i>

Yamasaki, Hideo

doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0708

Cited by 222 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…The results can be summarized as follows: (i) Nitrate and nitrite are the main nitrogen sources for the basal level of NO production in leaves of V. faba, A. thaliana, and H. rosa sinensis. This finding is consistent with the view that nitrite reduction by NR is responsible for NO generation in leaves (1,7,9,18,20,21,42). (ii) Superoxide anion production interferes with the detection of endogenous NO.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This result favors the idea that NR is a significant source of NO production in plant leaves under basal conditions. We suggest that, in agreement with other studies (18,20), nitrate added at high millimolar concentrations inhibits the nitrite reductase activity of the enzyme by a competitive mechanism, thereby attenuating NO production in the leaves.…”

Section: Isolated Leaves From Beans and A Thaliana Can Spontaneouslysupporting

confidence: 76%

“…A consensus has emerged that basal levels of NO production are controlled by the heme enzyme, nitrate reductase (NR). 1 (9,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). This enzyme has a primary activity of converting nitrate to nitrite; however, it can also convert nitrite to NO, presumably via a single electron reduction similar to that occurring in the well characterized bacterial heme proteins (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Vanin

Svistunenko

Mikoyan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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We have quantitatively measured nitric oxide production in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia faba by adapting ferrous dithiocarbamate spin tapping methods previously used in animal systems. Hydrophobic diethyldithiocarbamate complexes were used to measure NO interacting with membranes, and hydrophilic N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate was used to measure NO released into the external solution. Both complexes were able to trap levels of NO, readily detectable by EPR spectroscopy. Basal rates of NO production (in the order of 1 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ) agreed with previous studies. However, use of methodologies that corrected for the removal of free NO by endogenously produced superoxide resulted in a significant increase in trapped NO (up to 18 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ). Basal NO production in leaves is therefore much higher than previously thought, but this is masked by significant superoxide production. The effects of nitrite (increased rate) and nitrate (decreased rate) are consistent with a role for nitrate reductase as the source of this basal NO production. However, rates under physiologically achievable nitrite concentrations never approach that reported following pathogen induction of plant nitric-oxide synthase. In Hibiscus rosa sinensis, the addition of exogenous nitrite generated sufficient NO such that EPR could be used to detect its production using endogenous spin traps (forming paramagnetic dinitrosyl iron complexes). Indeed the levels of this nitrosylated iron pool are sufficiently high that they may represent a method of maintaining bioavailable iron levels under conditions of iron starvation, thus explaining the previously observed role of NO in preventing chlorosis under these conditions.The phenomenon of NO production by plants was first reported by Klepper in 1979 (1), significantly earlier than the discovery of NO generation by animals (1985)(1986)(1987). Nevertheless research in the plant NO field has lagged behind the animal field for two important reasons: the absence of a physiological phenomenon elicited by NO and a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning any such phenomenon. In animals the role of NO as the endotheliumderived relaxing factor and the discovery of the L-arginine/ nitric-oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase signaling pathway (2, 3) provided the impetus for the explosion of research in this area in the 1990s (4). However, recently there has been a similar expansion of interest in the role of NO in plants.Although a complete molecular model of the physiological role of NO in plants remains to be determined, a number of normal physiological processes are now known to be modulated by NO production. These include: production of the hormone ethylene (5), germination (6), programmed cell death (7, 8), senescence (5), and stomatal closure (9). NO is also involved in pathogen defense, either directly (10) or via production of antimicrobial phytoalexins (11). There are several recent reviews covering the role of NO in plants (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).Although the molecula...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Isolated Leaves From Beans and A Thaliana Can Spontaneouslysupporting

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Vanin

Svistunenko

Mikoyan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…NO 3 Ϫ is a competitive inhibitor of NO production in leaves, and NO production was dependent on a number of factors, including cytosolic NO 3 Ϫ and NO 2 Ϫ concentrations, light, oxygen availability, and serine phosphorylation of nitrate reductase (47). The role of NO production by plants has been widely discussed, and it is possible that low level NO production by nitrate reductase may have a role in cellular signaling, in particular in establishing symbiosis and in defense against pathogens (62). However, in planta, mutant studies have shown that NO 2 Ϫ may be the major source of NO by Arabidopsis thaliana, when the plant is challenged with infection (61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant nitrate reductase is now well established as producing NO (45,47,(61)(62)(63). Purified cytosolic nitrate reductase produces NO with NADH as the electron donor (45) and, like the work presented here, the reaction is azide-sensitive (63).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Homeostasis in Salmonella typhimurium

Gilberthorpe

Poole

2008

Journal of Biological Chemistry

113

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Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in biological systems primarily via the activity of NO synthases and nitrate and nitrite reductases. Here we show that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) grown anaerobically with nitrate is capable of generating polarographically detectable NO after nitrite (NO 2 ؊ ) addition. NO accumulation is sensitive to the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. Neither an fnr mutant nor an fnr hmp double mutant produces NO, indicating the involvement in NO evolution from NO 2 ؊ of protein(s) positively regulated by FNR. Contrary to previous findings in Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that neither the periplasmic nitrite reductase (NrfA) nor the cytoplasmic nitrite reductase (NirB) is involved in NO production in S. typhimurium. However, mutant cells lacking the membrane-bound nitrate reductase, NarGHI, and membranes derived from these cells are unable to produce NO, demonstrating that, in wild-type S. typhimurium, this enzyme is responsible for NO production. Membrane terminal oxidases cannot account for the NO levels measured. The nitrate reductase inhibitor, azide, abrogates NO evolution by Salmonella, and production of NO occurs only in the absence from the assays of nitrate; both features reveal a marked similarity between the NO-generating activities of this bacterium and plants. Unlike the situation in E. coli, an S. typhimurium hmp mutant produces NO both aerobically and anaerobically. Under aerobic conditions, when a functional flavohemoglobin is present, no NO is detectable. We propose a homeostatic mechanism in S. typhimurium, in which NO produced from NO 2 ؊ by nitrate reductase derepresses Hmp expression (via FNR and NsrR) and NorV expression (via NorR) and thus limits NO toxicity.

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Nitric Oxide in Seed Dormancy and Germination

Bethke

Libourel

Jones

Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination

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Nitrite–dependent nitric oxide production pathway: implications for involvement of active nitrogen species in photoinhibitionin vivo

Cited by 222 publications

References 112 publications

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Nitric Oxide Homeostasis in Salmonella typhimurium

Nitric Oxide in Seed Dormancy and Germination

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