“…The improvement in flammability properties in the presence of MC arises from the various flame retardant effects including runaway, heat sink action during the decomposition of MC, and the sublimation and condensation melamine, enhanced char formation, and fuel dilution via the volatilization of intact MC molecule and the formation of H 2 0, NH 3 , CO 2 , C 6 H 6 N 6 , and HNCO. 16,29,30 Figure 8.Flammability properties of the composites.Figure 9.Proposed flame retardant actions of melamine derivatives.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the case of MC, the gas phase action of MC is attributed to the fuel dilution via the liberation of intact MC molecule and the noncombustible gases of water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, melamine and cyanic acid. 16,29,30 The lowest THE/TML values are observed with the use of MC. As it is well known fact that phosphorus based parent acids in melamine derivatives favor the condensation and charring reactions.…”
Section: Mass Loss Calorimeter Studiesmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…During the decomposition, volatile water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, melamine and cyanic acid are mainly formed. 16,29,30 The thermal decomposition of MP occurs in four steps with leaving 33% residue yield. In the first and second steps, MP turns into melamine pyrophosphate and MPP structures via dehydration reactions, respectively.…”
Section: Thermal Decomposition Of the Additivesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Melamine derivatives are considered as environmentally friendly flame retardant additives owing to the reasonable non-toxic degradation products, and eligibility for recycling. 16 Accordingly, they can be good choice for producing environmentally friendly TPU based biocomposites. The promising flame retardant performances of melamine derivatives in neat TPU take into consideration as well.…”
The objective of this research is to examine the potential use of melamine derivatives namely melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine phosphate (MP), and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) as flame retardant additives in chicken feather (CF) containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The performances of the composites are evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimeter (MLC) tests. The V0 rating is achieved with the addition of 10 wt% MC, 20 wt% MP, and MPP. The performances of the additives are ranked in the ascending order of MC, MP, and MPP in LOI test. MP and MPP show distinct better performance than MC in the condensed phase. However, the gas phase action of MC is much better. than MP, and MPP. The lowest pHRR (103 Kw/m2), THE (39 MJ/m2), and THE/TML ratio (1.4 MJ/m2g) are observed with the use of 20 wt% MPP, MP, and MC, respectively.
“…The improvement in flammability properties in the presence of MC arises from the various flame retardant effects including runaway, heat sink action during the decomposition of MC, and the sublimation and condensation melamine, enhanced char formation, and fuel dilution via the volatilization of intact MC molecule and the formation of H 2 0, NH 3 , CO 2 , C 6 H 6 N 6 , and HNCO. 16,29,30 Figure 8.Flammability properties of the composites.Figure 9.Proposed flame retardant actions of melamine derivatives.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the case of MC, the gas phase action of MC is attributed to the fuel dilution via the liberation of intact MC molecule and the noncombustible gases of water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, melamine and cyanic acid. 16,29,30 The lowest THE/TML values are observed with the use of MC. As it is well known fact that phosphorus based parent acids in melamine derivatives favor the condensation and charring reactions.…”
Section: Mass Loss Calorimeter Studiesmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…During the decomposition, volatile water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, melamine and cyanic acid are mainly formed. 16,29,30 The thermal decomposition of MP occurs in four steps with leaving 33% residue yield. In the first and second steps, MP turns into melamine pyrophosphate and MPP structures via dehydration reactions, respectively.…”
Section: Thermal Decomposition Of the Additivesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Melamine derivatives are considered as environmentally friendly flame retardant additives owing to the reasonable non-toxic degradation products, and eligibility for recycling. 16 Accordingly, they can be good choice for producing environmentally friendly TPU based biocomposites. The promising flame retardant performances of melamine derivatives in neat TPU take into consideration as well.…”
The objective of this research is to examine the potential use of melamine derivatives namely melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine phosphate (MP), and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) as flame retardant additives in chicken feather (CF) containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The performances of the composites are evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimeter (MLC) tests. The V0 rating is achieved with the addition of 10 wt% MC, 20 wt% MP, and MPP. The performances of the additives are ranked in the ascending order of MC, MP, and MPP in LOI test. MP and MPP show distinct better performance than MC in the condensed phase. However, the gas phase action of MC is much better. than MP, and MPP. The lowest pHRR (103 Kw/m2), THE (39 MJ/m2), and THE/TML ratio (1.4 MJ/m2g) are observed with the use of 20 wt% MPP, MP, and MC, respectively.
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) are very commonly used in numerous applications. However, their susceptibility to flames during service has raised a serious safety concern for human health, environment, economy, and property. Significant attention is given to the development of flame-retardant (FR) fiber composites due to their considerable role in enhancing fire and explosion safety. This review examines the fire propagation mechanism on composite materials and synergistic effects of different additives on mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural integrity of FR FRPCs. Several methods for improving the flame retardancy of polymeric composite materials and their impact on various composite parameters are critically analyzed. The various methods of examining the flammability of fiber composites have been discussed in detail. By optimizing the type and concentration of additives, it is possible to develop next-generation FR fiber composites that offer robust performance across diverse industrial applications. Finally, a synopsis of the most recent advancements in FRPC FR technology is given, along with an overview of the opportunities and difficulties associated with sustainable flame retardancy approaches. It is expected that the insights gained from this research will provide a foundation for future innovations in FR materials, contributing to improved safety and material performance in fire-prone environments.
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