Nitrogen fertilization of grass leys: Yield production and risk of N leaching

Валкама, Елена; Ранкинен, Катри; Virkajärvi, Perttu; Salo, Tapio; Kapuinen, Petri; Туртола, Эйла

doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.022

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…N balances under the current fertilizer application recommendation can be very low, or even negative, implying N uptake from the soil N pools. The observed high N use efficiency of grasses means that the N leaching risk is low as suggested by Valkama et al (2016). However, it is higher from soils with low water retention capacity (i.e.…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 92%

“…N balance is often suggested as a practical tool for describing the N leaching risk of crop production (Nevens & Reheul, 2003;Salo & Turtola, 2006), although in grass production the connection is not straightforward (Valkama et al, 2016). The risks of N leaching in ley farming are known to be less than on grazed farmlands (Aronsson, Liu, Ekre, Torstensson, & Salomon, 2014;Nevens & Reheul, 2003).…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the present experiment was to compare differences between the N responses in current grass farming and in the meta-analysis of the old experiments (Salo et al, 2013;Valkama et al, 2016) at two sites in Finland (Maaninka and Ruukki) in order to update the yield response function of N, to be better suited for modern grassland farming. The aim of the present experiment was to compare differences between the N responses in current grass farming and in the meta-analysis of the old experiments (Salo et al, 2013;Valkama et al, 2016) at two sites in Finland (Maaninka and Ruukki) in order to update the yield response function of N, to be better suited for modern grassland farming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is crucial to have a solid scientific basis for deciding whether there is a need to modify the current N fertilizer application recommendations. The aim of the present experiment was to compare differences between the N responses in current grass farming and in the meta-analysis of the old experiments (Salo et al, 2013;Valkama et al, 2016) at two sites in Finland (Maaninka and Ruukki) in order to update the yield response function of N, to be better suited for modern grassland farming. Another aim was to obtain a more detailed view of how the physiology, nutritive value and N use efficiency of grasses respond to different N application rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of nitrogen application rate on productivity, nutritive value and winter tolerance of timothy and meadow fescue cultivars

Termonen

Korhonen

Kykkänen

et al. 2020

Grass and Forage Science

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In Finland, there seems to be a substantial amount of unutilized production capacity in grassland cultivation that can, and should, be better used in the future. Ley farming is generally based on three-year leys, harvested two or three times per year for silage. Timothy and meadow fescue are the two most common species used in forage grass production in Finland. Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient in yield formation of grasses. Dry matter (DM) yield responses of perennial cool-season grasses to fertilizer N generally range from 20 to 25 kg DM ha -1 year -1 kg -1 N (Hopkins, 2000), with greater incremental responses at lower N rates, that is curvilinear relationship between N rates and DM production. High N rates late in the growing season have promoted vegetative growth instead of hardening processes, which has led to increased overwintering damages in cold regions and, consequently, enhanced the curvilinearity of the relationship (Huokuna Abstract Finnish N fertilizer application regulations for forage grasses are based on field experiments mainly conducted in the 1960-1970s with cultivars and management practices typical of the time. In order to update the yield response function of N, to make it better suited to current grassland farming, field experiments were conducted at two sites in 2015-2017 with two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and one of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.). Dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value and N balance were evaluated, with N application levels 0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 kg N ha −1 year −1 . The grasses were harvested three times per season. The dataindicate that the DM yield response was significantly stronger, and N was used more efficiently for DM production than earlier without compromising the nutritive value, especially during the first two years. The third harvest produced on average 23% of the annual yield, utilizing N efficiently. N application rates below 350 kg N ha −1 year −1 did not cause substantial overwintering losses or lodging. The data indicate that with changing climate and improved cultivars and management practices, there is a need to modify the rates and timing of N application. The results suggest that N application levels could be increased by at least 50 kg N ha −1 year −1 from the current maximum accepted rate (250 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) without too high NO 3 or CP concentrations in feed, or too high N balance that indicates increasing risk of N leaching.

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Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of nitrogen application rate on productivity, nutritive value and winter tolerance of timothy and meadow fescue cultivars

Termonen

Korhonen

Kykkänen

et al. 2020

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Legumes have a larger nitrogen content than cereals, and after mineralization, this nitrogen in legume residues is reported to be prone to leaching (Nemecek et al 2008). However, other studies (e.g., Owens et al 1994;Whitehead 1995;Drinkwater et al 1998;Reckling et al 2016b; and for grass leys, see Grönroos et al 2007;Valkama et al 2016) report that fertilization based on biological nitrogen fixation resulted in lower or comparable runoff than solely applying mineral fertilizer. We assume that residual nitrogen acts like mineral nitrogen fertilizer when leached, and thus alters the nitrogen runoff function to z N i l i þ n i−1 ð Þ for the years after legume cultivation.…”

Section: Function For Nitrogen Runoffmentioning

confidence: 86%

Does crop rotation with legumes provide an efficient means to reduce nutrient loads and GHG emissions?

Lötjönen

Ollikainen

2017

Rev Agric Food Environ Stud

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We investigate crop rotation with legumes from economic and environmental perspectives by asking how effective they are at providing profits and reducing nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions compared with monoculture cultivation. We study this effectiveness in three alternative policy regimes: the free market optimum, the Finnish agri-environmental scheme, and socially optimal cultivation, and also design policy instruments to achieve the socially optimal outcomes in land use and fertilization. We first develop an analytical model to describe crop rotation and the role of legumes, and examine its implications for water and climate policies. Drawing on Finnish agricultural data, we then use numerical simulations and show that shifting from monoculture cultivation to crop rotation with legumes provides economically and environmentally better outcomes. Crop rotation with legumes also reduces the variability in profits caused by stochastic weather. The optimal instruments implementing the social optimum depend on nutrient and climate damage (nitrogen tax), as well as carbon sequestration and nutrient reduction benefits (buffer strip subsidy).

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Trade-offs and synergies between seed yield, forage yield, and N-related disservices for a semi-arid perennial grassland under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

et al. 2019

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Nitrogen fertilization of grass leys: Yield production and risk of N leaching

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Effects of nitrogen application rate on productivity, nutritive value and winter tolerance of timothy and meadow fescue cultivars

Effects of nitrogen application rate on productivity, nutritive value and winter tolerance of timothy and meadow fescue cultivars

Does crop rotation with legumes provide an efficient means to reduce nutrient loads and GHG emissions?

Trade-offs and synergies between seed yield, forage yield, and N-related disservices for a semi-arid perennial grassland under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

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