Nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic flame retardant-filled flexible polyurethane foams: microstructure, compressive stress, sound absorption, and combustion resistance

Li, Ting‐Ting; Xing, Mengfan; Wang, Hongyang; Huang, Shih‐Yu; Fu, Chengeng; Lou, Ching‐Wen; Lin, Jia‐Horng

doi:10.1039/c9ra02332a

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Noticeable variations in pore morphology, increased LOI (29.1%), compact char residue, and reduced rate and amount for toxic smoke production were observed. The effects of combining the phosphorus FRs (TCPP, TDCP, and tetrakis(2-chloroethyl)-2,2-di(chloromethyl)-1,3 propylene diphosphate (V6)) and phosphorus–nitrogen FR (melamine-TDCP) on physicochemical properties, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and sound absorbing ability of flexible PU foams were investigated . The mixture of 5 wt % melamine and 15 wt % TDCP produced a homogeneous distribution of insoluble melamine in the PU foam matrix, which otherwise was difficult to achieve.…”

Section: Flame Retardants For Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Yadav

Souza

Dawsey

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In modern society, the multifarious polymeric material polyurethane (PU) is used in household appliances and commercial sectors. Statistics shows the usage of PU as rigid and flexible foams is the highest among different PU-based materials. Industrially viable synthesis, tailor-made porosity and pore morphology, robustness to micro-organisms, weathering, hydrolytic degradation, and resistance to a wide range of chemicals are the excellent attributes of PU foams. Despite achieving significant attention in academia and industries, the prominent tendency to fire-catching or flammability and rapid-fire spread on ignition are the serious concerns of PU foams at their end-use. The figures on home fire accidents and associated fire injuries, loss of civilians, and properties primarily due to fire-catching of furniture are highly devastating. Therefore, a large volume of efforts has been dedicated to decorating flame retardancy in PU foams using a wide range of flame retardants (FRs) (in-situ or post-synthesis). Hence, the focus of this review is to summarize various FRs for rigid and flexible PU foams. The mechanism of flame retardancy, advantages and limitations of various FRs, and the past decade’s advancements achieved concerning the flame retardancy of PU foams have been explored.

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Section: Flame Retardants For Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Yadav

Souza

Dawsey

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…[9][10][11][12][13] Halogen-free flame retardants mainly include phosphorus, nitrogen, boron and metal hydroxide. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Red phosphorus (RP) is a common and practical inorganic flame retardant due to its high efficiency, and phosphorous content as well as low cost. [21,22] Furthermore, RP forms free radicals in burning to capture the active radicals and plays the role of flame retardant in the gas phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrogen-based flame retardants are well-known gas source for producing plentiful noncombustible gases in pyrolysis, which dilutes combustible volatiles to reduce the burning intensity. [16,31] Boron-based flame retardants have advantages of low toxicity, no dripping, and smoke suppression. [17,19,20] Zinc borate (ZB) is a low-cost inorganic flame retardant, which has become one of the most commonly used flame retardants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of melamine borate coated red phosphorus microcapsules and use of zinc borate as synergistic flame retardant in polyethylene

Liu

Zeng

et al. 2022

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Microcapsules (Mic-MBP) based on the melamine borate coated red phosphorus (RP) were prepared, and its synergistic flame retardant with zinc borate (ZB) on polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The flame retardant properties of the PE/20% Mic-MBP/10%ZB were superior to that of PE/20%RP/10%ZB. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index of PE/20%Mic-MBP/10%ZB was 25.2%, and PE/20%Mic-MBP/10%ZB reached the UL-94V-0 rating. Compared with PE, the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), total heat release (THR) and average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) of PE/20%Mic-MBP/10%ZB had decreased. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the residual char of PE/20%Mic-MBP/10%ZB had thermal stability, and the formation of phosphorus free radicals and nonflammable gases effectively reduced the burning intensity of the gas phase. It indicated that Mic-MBP/ZB showed a condensed and gas phase flame retardant effect.

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“…Phosphorousbased flame retardants have a noticeable effect on nitrogen-containing polymers. In the absence of nitrogen atoms in the polymer, phosphorous-based flame retardants are often bound to the nitrogen-based flame retardants (Gaan et al 2008;Li et al 2019). In recent years, many phosphorous-and nitrogen-based compounds have been applied to paperbased materials, which react with fibers to give them flame-retardant properties (Yang et al 2016;Tausarova and Abilkasova 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of modified phytic acid as flame retardant in cellulosic paper

Chen

Zhi

Liu

et al. 2021

BioRes

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A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized using phytic acid and dicyandiamide, and it was subsequently used to prepare flame-retardant cellulosic paper via an impregnation method. Vertical flame and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were used to evaluate the flame retardancy of the paper. The paper containing modified phytic acid was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When the concentration of modified phytic acid was 20%, the char length of the treated paper decreased from 12.5 cm to 4.1 cm, the LOI value increased from 19.6% to 41.5%, and the tensile index was only 3.66% lower than that of the control paper. The modified phytic acid was judged to have good flame-retardant effects on the paper.

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Nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic flame retardant-filled flexible polyurethane foams: microstructure, compressive stress, sound absorption, and combustion resistance

Abstract: Compared with a rigid polyurethane foam, a flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has more diversified applications including filtration, sound absorption, vibration-proofing, decoration, packaging, and heat insulation.

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Preparation of melamine borate coated red phosphorus microcapsules and use of zinc borate as synergistic flame retardant in polyethylene

Application of modified phytic acid as flame retardant in cellulosic paper

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