Nitrostative stress status during seasonal and pdmH1N1 infection in Iraq

Abstract

Introduction: Influenza A virus infection is associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress. This study aimed to assess nitrosative stress in pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) and seasonal influenza A infected patients. Methodology: The study included the following subjects: 20 patients infected with seasonal (negative one-step probe RT-PCR) influenza and 12 patients infected with pdmH1N1 (positive, one-step probe RT-PCR) influenza during the 2009 pandemic in Iraq. Twenty healthy subjects served as controls. Serum nitric oxide using Greiss reagent and peroxynitrite were used to assess nitrosative stress status. Results: Serum nitric oxide and peroxynitrite are significantly increased in patients infected with seasonal and pdmH1N1 influenza compared with the levels in healthy subjects. Infected patients with seasonal influenza showed significantly higher numbers of serum nitrogen species than corresponding pdmH1N1 infected patients. The turnover process reflected by the peroxynitrite/nitric oxide ratio was 0.177, 0.313 and 0.214 in healthy subjects, seasonal and pdmH1N1infected patients respectively. Conclusions: Influenza A virus infection is associated with significant nitrosative stress activity which is more pronounced in seasonal than in pdmH1N1 infected patients. The determination of serum nitric oxide and peroxynitrite may serve as biochemical markers.

Chronic fatigue syndrome with history of severe infection combined altered blood oxidant status, and reduced potassium efflux and muscle excitability at exercise

“…The present study indicates that CFS patients with antecedents of severe infection have higher biological and EMG disorders than other patients who solely reported practice of high physical activity before the occurrence of fatigue symptoms. It is well documented that acute infection constitutes a stress responsible for an oxidative stress [21][22][23][24]. Our major observation was that infection was responsible for lengthened alterations of the resting oxidant status.…”

“…These authors [19] have hypothesized that the deregulation of pump activities could result from an increased fluidity of the sarcoplasmic membrane due to the ROS-induced formation of lipid hydroperoxides. It is well documented that severe bacterial [20] and viral [21][22][23][24][25] infections, including the H1N1 influenza [24,25], induce an oxidative stress. Thus, infection could be responsible for an altered membrane excitability due to reduced K + exchanges through the muscle membrane.…”

Role of nitric oxide in immune responses against viruses: beyond microbicidal activity

“…Many studies have reported on the relationships among increases and decreases in iNOS expression, nitrate and nitrite concentrations, and the severity of the infection or successful treatment for viral infections, as for other infectious agents [57][58][59]. Patients infected with HIV, in the AIDS stage and showing opportunistic infections, had higher nitrite concentrations in serum than those who were in the asymptomatic phase of infection [60].…”