No deficit in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance of schizophrenic patients' first-degree relatives

Stratta, Paolo; Daneluzzo, E.; Mattei, Paolo; Bustini, Massimiliano; Casacchia, M; Rossi, Alessandro

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00047-9

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The association between poor executive functioning, assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sort Test, and progression to schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder is consistent with extensive literature regarding poor executive functioning and schizophrenia (Hughes et al 2005; Sitskoorn et al 2004; Cannon et al 2000; Bilder et al, 2000; Goldberg and Weinberger, 1988; Heaton and Pendleton, 1981), although findings in their unaffected family members have been less clear (Laurent et al 2001; Stratta et al 1997; Wolf et al 2002). However, this is the first report to suggest that lower executive functioning could be used as an additional risk marker to identify subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia, identified via presence of psychotic symptoms subsyndromal for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Predictors of Remission, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents with Brief Psychotic Disorder or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Considered At Very High Risk for Schizophrenia

Correll

Smith²,

Auther³

et al. 2008

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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Objective To examine predictors of diagnostic and symptomatic outcome in adolescents with either psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (PsyNOS) or brief psychotic disorder (BrPsy) followed in a schizophrenia prodrome program. Methods As part of a naturalistic study of adolescents considered at clinical high risk for schizophrenia, 26 youth (mean age: 15.9±2.6 years, 65.4% male) with subsyndromal psychosis and diagnosed with PsyNOS or BrPsy were evaluated for predictors of diagnostic and symptomatic outcome after at least 6 (mean: 22.8±19.4) months follow-up. Results Progression to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or psychotic bipolar disorder (n=10, 38.5%), was predicted by fulfilling criteria for schizotypal personality disorder at baseline (p=0.046). Development of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (n=7, 27.0%) was associated with worse executive functioning (p=0.029) and absence of anxiety disorders (p=0.027). Conversely, progression to bipolar disorder (n=4, 15.4%), with (n=3, 11.5%) or without (n=1, 3.8%) psychosis, was associated with the presence of anxiety disorders (p=0.014). Remission of any subsyndromal and attenuated positive or negative symptoms (n=5, 19.4%) was predicted by Hispanic ethnicity (p=0.0047), an initial diagnosis of BrPsy (p=0.014), longer duration of antidepressant treatment (p=0.035), and better attention at baseline (p=0.042). Conclusions Results from this preliminary study suggest that patients with PsyNOS, BrPsy or schizotypal personality disorder features in adolescence should be followed as separate risk groups in prodrome studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Executive function deficits and absence of anxiety disorders may be risk markers for schizophrenia, while presence of anxiety disorders may be linked to bipolar disorder risk. After achieving full remission, patients with sudden onset of psychosis and brief episodes could once be given the option of careful, supervised treatment discontinuation. The potential salutary effect of antidepressants during the psychotic prodrome and presence of characteristics differentiating patients at risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder should be investigated further.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Predictors of Remission, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents with Brief Psychotic Disorder or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Considered At Very High Risk for Schizophrenia

Correll

Smith²,

Auther³

et al. 2008

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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“…In young high-risk relatives of SZ patients, EHRS found deficits in executive function (Johnstone et al, 2002; Byrne et al, 2003), while another study displayed poor performance on WCST in relatives of patients having a family history of SZ compared to relatives of patients without a family history of SZ (Birkett et al, 2008). Some studies have been equivocal (Stratta et al, 1997), suggesting further investigation.…”

Section: Nature Of Neurocognitive Deficits In Young Relatives At Riskmentioning

confidence: 97%

Premorbid cognitive deficits in young relatives of schizophrenia patients

Keshavan

Kulkarni

Bhojraj

et al. 2009

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia (SZ) are thought to be stable trait markers that predate the illness and manifest in relatives of patients. Adolescence is the age of maximum vulnerability to the onset of SZ and may be an opportune “window” to observe neurocognitive impairments close to but prior to the onset of psychosis. We reviewed the extant studies assessing neurocognitive deficits in young relatives at high risk (HR) for SZ and their relation to brain structural alterations. We also provide some additional data pertaining to the relation of these deficits to psychopathology and brain structural alterations from the Pittsburgh Risk Evaluation Program (PREP). Cognitive deficits are noted in the HR population, which are more severe in first-degree relatives compared to second-degree relatives and primarily involve psychomotor speed, memory, attention, reasoning, and social-cognition. Reduced general intelligence is also noted, although its relationship to these specific domains is underexplored. Premorbid cognitive deficits may be related to brain structural and functional abnormalities, underlining the neurobiological basis of this illness. Cognitive impairments might predict later emergence of psychopathology in at-risk subjects and may be targets of early remediation and preventive strategies. Although evidence for neurocognitive deficits in young relatives abounds, further studies on their structural underpinnings and on their candidate status as endophenotypes are needed.

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“…Such results are in striking contrast to the majority of previous reports [19,20,21], where cognitive impairment is observed in both schizophrenia patients and their relatives. However, the current study is not unique in this regard since negative results of such comparisons have also been reported for executive functions [24,25] and other cognitive tests, e.g. the DST and Vocabulary [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Similarly, Snitz et al [19] report large differences in the Semantic Verbal Fluency Test and a weak to moderate effect size for other tasks. However, the results of various studies are far from univocal [24,25], and negative results have been reported as well. Concurrently, the presence of thought disorders in healthy subjects with a family history of schizophrenia has been described in many studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Impairment and Formal Thought Disorders in Parents of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Patients

Remberk

Namysłowska²,

Rybakowski³

2012

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: Both cognitive impairment and formal thought disorder (communication disturbances) found in patients with schizophrenia are also commonly observed in their relatives. Recently, the role of such deficits as putative endophenotypes of schizophrenia has been proposed. However, in a majority of studies, the families of adult patients were assessed whereas the relatives of early-onset psychotic subjects were rarely studied. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of cognitive impairment and formal thought disorders in parents of adolescents with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and in matched healthy controls. Method: Thirty-eight parents of 29 SSD adolescents and 38 healthy controls were assessed with a battery of neurocognitive tests and the Thought, Language and Communication Scale. Results: Parents of schizophrenia patients showed an increased tendency for perseverative thinking when compared to matched healthy controls. No statistically significant differences in cognitive functioning were observed between the groups. Conclusion: These results may suggest the need for further exploration of communication disturbances as a potential endophenotypic marker of early-onset schizophrenia.

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No deficit in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance of schizophrenic patients' first-degree relatives

Cited by 47 publications

References 20 publications

Predictors of Remission, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents with Brief Psychotic Disorder or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Considered At Very High Risk for Schizophrenia

Predictors of Remission, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents with Brief Psychotic Disorder or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Considered At Very High Risk for Schizophrenia

Premorbid cognitive deficits in young relatives of schizophrenia patients

Cognitive Impairment and Formal Thought Disorders in Parents of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Patients

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