No Differences Between Alter G-Trainer and Active and Passive Recovery Strategies on Isokinetic Strength, Systemic Oxidative Stress and Perceived Muscle Soreness After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Abstract

Cooke, MB, Nix, C, Greenwood, L, and Greenwood, M. No Differences Between Alter G-Trainer and Active and Passive Recovery Strategies on Isokinetic Strength, Systemic Oxidative Stress and Perceived Muscle Soreness After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 736-747, 2018-The incidence of muscle injuries is prevalent in elite sport athletes and weekend warriors and strategies that safely and effectively hasten recovery are highly desirable. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between 3 recovery methods after eliciting muscle damage in recreationally active men relative to maximal isokinetic contractions, perceived muscle soreness, and psychological mood states. Twenty-five recreationally active men (22.15 ± 3.53 years, 75.75 ± 11.91 kg, 180.52 ± 7.3 cm) were randomly matched by V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak (53.86 ± 6.65 ml·kg·min) and assigned to one of 3 recovery methods: anti-gravity treadmill (G-Trainer) (N = 8), conventional treadmill (N = 8) or static stretching (N = 9). Recovery methods were performed 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours after a 45-minute downhill run. Following eccentrically biased running, no significant differences were noted in isokinetic knee flexion and extension peak torque, systemic markers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation such as serum creatine kinase (CK), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively, and subjective ratings of perceived muscle soreness between recovery methods. The G-Trainer group did however display a higher mood state as indicated by the Profile of Mood State global scores at 24 hours postexercise when compared to the conventional treadmill recovery group (p = 0.035). The improved mood state after the use of the anti-gravity treadmill may provide clinical relevance to other populations.

The Effectiveness of Post-exercise Stretching in Short-Term and Delayed Recovery of Strength, Range of Motion and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…Therefore, nine studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Mika et al, 2007;Bonfim et al, 2010;Cè et al, 2013;Torres et al, 2013;McGrath et al, 2014;Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015;Cooke et al, 2018;César et al, 2021). As per protocol, in studies where the recovery methods were applied in multiple sessions (e.g., stretching after exercise and repeated at 24 and 48 h), only data before the second application was considered.…”

“…The remaining studies only used male participants. All participants were healthy, but varied considerably in terms of training status: described as sedentary or untrained in four studies (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Bonfim et al, 2010), "physically active, " "recreationally active, " or "not involved in intense physical conditioning" in five studies (Mika et al, 2007;Cè et al, 2013;McGrath et al, 2014;Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015;Cooke et al, 2018), one study assessed the effects in aerobically trained, recreational cyclists (West et al, 2014), and only one study assessed athletes (César et al, 2021). Geographically, five studies were performed in Europe (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Mika et al, 2007;Cè et al, 2013), three in North America (McGrath et al, 2014;West et al, 2014;Cooke et al, 2018), two in South America (Bonfim et al, 2010;César et al, 2021) and one in Asia (Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015).…”

“…The studies purposefully applied soreness-inducing exercise protocols for the upper limbs (César et al, 2021) or lower limbs (all other articles), using diverse means such as cycling (Cè et al, 2013;West et al, 2014), running-based activities (Cooke et al, 2018), plyometrics (Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015), simulated jiu-jitsu fights (César et al, 2021), and more commonly, some form of strength training, usually with an emphasis on the eccentric component (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Mika et al, 2007;Bonfim et al, 2010;McGrath et al, 2014). Familiarization with the soreness-inducing protocols was described in three studies (Mika et al, 2007;Cè et al, 2013;Cooke et al, 2018;César et al, 2021), stated but not described in one (Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015), and not performed or unreported in six (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Bonfim et al, 2010;McGrath et al, 2014;West et al, 2014). In most studies, the duration of the soreness-inducing protocol was unclear (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Mika et al, 2007;Bonfim et al, 2010;McGrath et al, 2014;West et al, 2014;Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015), but unlikely to have surpassed 30 min, considering the descriptions provided.…”

“…In most studies, the duration of the soreness-inducing protocol was unclear (Kokkinidis et al, 1998;Torres et al, 2005Torres et al, , 2013Mika et al, 2007;Bonfim et al, 2010;McGrath et al, 2014;West et al, 2014;Muanjai and Namsawang, 2015), but unlikely to have surpassed 30 min, considering the descriptions provided. In the remaining studies, soreness-inducing protocols lasted between 10 min (César et al, 2021) and 55 min (Cooke et al, 2018), including warm-up when applied. The only study to report a co-intervention stated that a nutritional bar was provided pre-fatiguing exercise (West et al, 2014).…”

Estado Físico, Fisiológico E Psicossocial De Atletas Do Tae Kwon Do Na Pré-Competição

“…De fato, um elevado estresse oxidativo tem sido encontrado em atletas de combate 32,33 . Estes dados devem ser ponderados pelo fato de que a MDA é um metabólico inespecífico para avaliação do estresse oxidativo 34 , embora venha sendo usada em estudos que avaliam este fenômeno 35,36 . Quanto à PCR-us, um resultado semelhante ao do presente estudo foi observado por Garatachea et al 37 , em oito atletas de caiaque durante 42 semanas de treinamento.…”