“…Vasectomy reversal is another option for vasectomized patients who want to father again, but it may not restore male fertility due to several repercussions of vasectomy such as (i) secondary epididymal blockage and anti-sperm antibody formation (Sukcharoen et al , 2000), (ii) endocrine disruption leading to Sertoli cell vacuolation and dysfunction (Kubota, 1969), (iii) oxidative stress in sperm cells (Shapiro et al, 1998;Kolettis et al, 1999; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2015) increased interstitial fibrosis in testes (Shiraishi et al, 2003), and (v) increased apoptosis in the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, primary spermatocytes, and round spermatids (O'Neill et al, 2007). The use of PESA or TESA and ICSI is supposed to bypass those factors that interfere with fertility in vasectomized men.…”