No escape: The influence of substrate sodium on plant growth and tissue sodium responses

Santiago‐Rosario, Luis Y.; Harms, Kyle E.; Elderd, Bret D.; Hart, Pamela B.; Dassanayake, Maheshi

doi:10.1002/ece3.8138

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(172 reference statements)

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“…Sodium is considered nonessential for the development of most plants (Grigore et al, 2012 ; Kronzucker et al, 2013 ). Notable exceptions in which Na benefits development or performance include most halophytes (Cheeseman, 2015 ; Flowers & Colmer, 2008 ; Kanai & Sakai, 2021 ) in certain environmental conditions, including specific ranges of Na concentration in the substrate (Santiago‐Rosario et al, 2021 ). Certain C 4 (photosynthesis via C 4 carbon fixation or the Hatch‐Slack pathway) and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants benefit ‐ at specific substrate concentrations ‐ from slight increases in substrate Na (Furumoto et al, 2011 ; Subbarao et al, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The No‐Escape‐from‐Sodium hypothesis posits that plants' tissues broadly increase in Na concentration as the concentration of Na in the substrate or solution increases, irrespective of their growth responses, and there is empirical support for this pattern across selected plant taxa (Santiago‐Rosario et al, 2021 ). However, our understanding of how plants respond to increasing substrate Na comes mostly from controlled laboratory and greenhouse experiments, which may or may not align with patterns in real‐world ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States

Santiago‐Rosario

Harms

Craven

2022

Plant Enviro Interactions

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Understanding the phytochemical landscapes of essential and nonessential chemical elements to plants provides an opportunity to better link biogeochemical cycles to trophic ecology. We investigated the formation and regulation of the cationic phytochemical landscapes of four key elements for biota: Ca, Mg, K, and Na. We collected aboveground tissues of plants in Atriplex, Helianthus, and Opuntia and adjacent soils from 51, 131, and 83 sites, respectively, across the southern United States. We determined the spatial variability of these cations in plants and soils. Also, we quantified the homeostasis coefficient for each cation and genus combination, by using mixedeffect models, with spatially correlated random effects. Additionally, using random forest models, we modeled the influence of bioclimatic, soil, and spatial variables on plant cationic concentrations. Sodium variability and spatial autocorrelation were considerably greater than for Ca, Mg, or K. Calcium, Mg, and K exhibited strongly homeostatic patterns, in striking contrast to non-homeostatic Na. Even so, climatic and soil variables explained a large proportion of plants' cationic concentrations. Essential elements (Ca, Mg, and K) appeared to be homeostatically regulated, which contrasted sharply with Na, a nonessential element for most plants. In addition, we provide evidence for the No-Escape-from-Sodium hypothesis in real-world ecosystems, indicating that plant Na concentrations tend to increase as substrate Na levels increase.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States

Santiago‐Rosario

Harms

Craven

2022

Plant Enviro Interactions

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“…This hypothesis posits that low plant tissue Na concentrations are at least in part a plant defense against herbivory because herbivores require Na and will forage on plants that are higher in Na to meet their physiological Na demands (Seastedt and Crossley 1981 ). However, plants can vary enormously in their Na content within and among species and plant Na uptake and tissue concentrations often reflect soil salinization (Welti et al 2019 ; Borer et al 2019 ; Santiago-Rosario et al 2021 ). Only recently have large scale patterns of increased herbivory when plants are salty been revealed in green food webs (Borer et al 2019 ; Welti et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, plants have been largely overlooked as a source of Na, because Na is not considered an essential plant element (Parida and Das 2005 ). However, mounting evidence suggests that plants do not regulate Na well and plant tissue levels in large part reflect soil Na (Borer et al 2019 ; Welti et al 2019 ; Entrekin et al 2019 ; Santiago-Rosario et al 2021 ). Consequently, with soil salinization, plants become an additional source of Na to plant consumers that access Na both via environmental inputs like runoff from agriculture (e.g., irrigation processes) and via their diet through Na-enriched leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium as a subsidy in the spring: evidence for a phenology of sodium limitation

et al. 2023

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Understanding the factors that mediate carbon (C) cycling is increasingly important as anthropogenic activities and climate change alter ecosystems. Decomposition rates mediate C cycling and are in part regulated by sodium (Na) where Na is limiting up to some threshold after which Na becomes stressful and reduces decomposition rates (i.e., the Sodium Subsidy-Stress hypothesis). An overlooked pathway by which decomposers encounter increased salts like NaCl is through plants, which often take up Na in proportion to soil concentrations. Here we tested the hypothesis that Na addition through litter (detritus) and water and their interaction would impact detrital processing and leachate chemistry. Laboratory riparian soil mesocosms received either artificial litter (100% cellulose sponges) soaked in 0.05% NaCl (NaClL) or just H2O (H2OL: control) and half of each litter treatment received weekly additions of 150 ml of either 0.05% NaCl water (NaClW) or just H2O (H2OW: control). After 8 weeks decomposition was higher in NaCl addition treatments (both NaClL and NaClW and their combo) than controls (H2OL + H2OW) but reflected a unimodal relationship where the saltiest treatment (NaClL + NaClW) was only marginally higher than controls indicating a subsidy-stress response. Previous studies in this system found that Na addition in either water or litter decreased decomposition. However, differences may reflect a phenology of Na demand where Na-limitation increases in the spring (this study). These results indicate that our understanding of how Na impacts detrital processes, C cycling, and aquatic-terrestrial linkages necessitates incorporation of temporal dynamics.

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“…Halophytes represent only about 0.4% of all flowering plants, and about 40% of all halophytes including S. parvula can withstand salt stress at concentrations similar to seawater (Kotula et al., 2020). At high salinities, most plants respond to salt stress by inhibiting growth to prioritize survival as a trade‐off (Monson et al., 2021; Santiago‐Rosario et al., 2021). Nevertheless, the extremophyte model S. parvula provides a genetic system to discover adaptive traits that do not show a growth compromise at salt concentrations that are known to be lethal to most crops and A. thaliana (Oh et al., 2014; Panta et al., 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing growth amidst salt stress – lifestyle perspectives from the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula

Tran,

Pantha,

Wang

et al. 2023

The Plant Journal

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SUMMARYSchrenkiella parvula, a leading extremophyte model in Brassicaceae, can grow and complete its lifecycle under multiple environmental stresses, including high salinity. Yet, the key physiological and structural traits underlying its stress‐adapted lifestyle are unknown along with trade‐offs when surviving salt stress at the expense of growth and reproduction. We aimed to identify the influential adaptive trait responses that lead to stress‐resilient and uncompromised growth across developmental stages when treated with salt at levels known to inhibit growth in Arabidopsis and most crops. Its resilient growth was promoted by traits that synergistically allowed primary root growth in seedlings, the expansion of xylem vessels across the root‐shoot continuum, and a high capacity to maintain tissue water levels by developing thicker succulent leaves while enabling photosynthesis during salt stress. A successful transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was initiated by salt‐induced early flowering, resulting in viable seeds. Self‐fertilization in salt‐induced early flowering was dependent upon filament elongation in flowers otherwise aborted in the absence of salt during comparable plant ages. The maintenance of leaf water status promoting growth, and early flowering to ensure reproductive success in a changing environment, were among the most influential traits that contributed to the extremophytic lifestyle of S. parvula.

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No escape: The influence of substrate sodium on plant growth and tissue sodium responses

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 15 publications

References 131 publications

Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States

Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States

Sodium as a subsidy in the spring: evidence for a phenology of sodium limitation

Balancing growth amidst salt stress – lifestyle perspectives from the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula

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