No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke<sup>®</sup> Inhaler

Gupta, Rupali; Brazier, J S; Moyses, Chris

doi:10.1080/10826076.2015.1091978

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…E-cigarette use is regarded by many (but not all) scientists as being likely to have substantially lower levels of risk than smoking tobacco cigarettes. , Support for this position comes from in vitro biological studies , and the relatively simple composition of e-cigarette aerosols in comparison to cigarette smoke with its thousands of constituents . A growing number of studies have also investigated the emissions of some cigarette smoke toxicants from e-cigarettes, such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines, − tobacco alkaloids and nicotine decomposition products, ,, volatile organic compounds, ,,− aromatic amines, CO, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ,, phenolics, , metals, ,,, and carbonyls. ,,,− Most of these studies report aerosol emission levels of toxicants that are either undetectable or a few percent of those found in cigarette smoke, and comparisons have also been made to room air . However, the presence of toxicants in e-cigarette aerosols, even at comparatively low levels, suggests that e-cigarette use is not risk-free.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Margham

McAdam

Forster

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

354

346

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There is interest in the relative toxicities of emissions from electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. Lists of cigarette smoke priority toxicants have been developed to focus regulatory initiatives. However, a comprehensive assessment of e-cigarette chemical emissions including all tobacco smoke Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents, and additional toxic species reportedly present in e-cigarette emissions, is lacking. We examined 150 chemical emissions from an e-cigarette (Vype ePen), a reference tobacco cigarette (Ky3R4F), and laboratory air/method blanks. All measurements were conducted by a contract research laboratory using ISO 17025 accredited methods. The data show that it is essential to conduct laboratory air/method measurements when measuring e-cigarette emissions, owing to the combination of low emissions and the associated impact of laboratory background that can lead to false-positive results and overestimates. Of the 150 measurands examined in the e-cigarette aerosol, 104 were not detected and 21 were present due to laboratory background. Of the 25 detected aerosol constituents, 9 were present at levels too low to be quantified and 16 were generated in whole or in part by the e-cigarette. These comprised major e-liquid constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol), recognized impurities in Pharmacopoeia-quality nicotine, and eight thermal decomposition products of propylene glycol or glycerol. By contrast, approximately 100 measurands were detected in mainstream cigarette smoke. Depending on the regulatory list considered and the puffing regime used, the emissions of toxicants identified for regulation were from 82 to >99% lower on a per-puff basis from the e-cigarette compared with those from Ky3R4F. Thus, the aerosol from the e-cigarette is compositionally less complex than cigarette smoke and contains significantly lower levels of toxicants. These data demonstrate that e-cigarettes can be developed that offer the potential for substantially reduced exposure to cigarette toxicants. Further studies are required to establish whether the potential lower consumer exposure to these toxicants will result in tangible public health benefits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Margham

McAdam

Forster

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

354

346

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“…Several researchers have demonstrated that thermal degradation of PG and GLY can occur to produce compounds such as carbonyls (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) that can be detected in EVP aerosols at levels higher than those found in the corresponding e-liquid. ,− They have also demonstrated that formation of these compounds is correlated to the temperature of the electrical heating element found in EVPs during aerosol formation. ,− Data (unpublished) indicated it was possible that α-dicarbonyl compounds could form under certain thermal conditions experienced during EVP aerosol formation. Measurable levels of DA and AP in EVP liquids and aerosols were also reported by Allen et al and Moldoveanu et al Consequently, the primary objective of this work was to confirm the formation of α-dicarbonyls during the thermal process of EVP aerosol formation and investigate the mechanism of their formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Diacetyl and Other α-Dicarbonyl Compounds during the Generation of E-Vapor Product Aerosols

et al. 2020

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Exposure to diacetyl (DA) has been linked to the respiratory condition bronchiolitis obliterans. Previous research has demonstrated that DA and other α-dicarbonyl compounds can be detected in both the e-liquids and aerosols of e-vapor products (EVPs). While some EVP manufacturers may add these compounds as flavor ingredients, the primary objective of this work was to determine the potential for the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds during the generation of aerosols from EVPs where no DA or other α-dicarbonyl compounds are added to the e-liquid. A novel ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical method for the determination of DA, acetyl propionyl, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal was developed and validated. Next, eight commercially available cig-a-like-type EVPs were evaluated for α-dicarbonyl formation. Increased levels of α-dicarbonyls were observed in the aerosols of all evaluated EVPs compared to their respective e-liquids. Mechanistic studies were conducted using a model microwave reaction system to identify key reaction precursors for DA generated from propylene glycol (PG) and carbon-13-labeled glycerin (GLY). These studies, along with the corresponding retrosynthetic analysis, resulted in the proposed formation pathway where hydroxyacetone is generated from PG and/or GLY. Hydroxyacetone then participates in an aldol condensation with formaldehyde where formaldehyde can also be generated from PG and/or GLY; the resultant product then dehydrates to form DA. This proposed pathway was further investigated through in situ synthetic organic experiments within the model microwave reaction system. This work establishes that DA is formed in the aerosol generation process of the EVPs tested though at levels below toxicological concern.

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An evaluation of electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) typically derived from combustion

Wagner

Flora

Melvin

et al. 2018

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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U.S. FDA draft guidance recommends reporting quantities of designated harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in e-cigarette e-liquids and aerosols. The HPHC list comprises potential matrix-related compounds, flavors, nicotine, tobacco-related impurities, leachables, thermal degradation products, and combustion-related compounds. E-cigarettes contain trace levels of many of these constituents due to tobacco-derived nicotine and thermal degradation. However, combustion-related HPHCs are not likely to be found due to the relatively low operating temperatures of most e-cigarettes. The purpose of this work was to use highly sensitive, selective, and validated analytical methods to determine if these combustion-related HPHCs (three aromatic amines, five volatile organic compounds, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene) are detectable in commercial refill e-liquids, reference e-cigarette e-liquids, and aerosols generated from rechargeable e-cigarettes with disposable cartridges (often referred to as "cig-a-likes"). In addition, the transfer efficiency of these constituents from e-liquid to aerosol was evaluated when these HPHCs were added to the e-liquids prior to aerosol formation. This work demonstrates that combustion-related HPHCs are not present at measurable levels in the commercial and reference e-liquids or e-cigarette aerosols tested. Additionally, when combustion-related HPHCs are added to the e-liquids, they transfer to the aerosol with transfer efficiencies ranging from 49% to 99%.

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No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

Abstract: Introduction: Carbonyls such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein have been

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Formation of Diacetyl and Other α-Dicarbonyl Compounds during the Generation of E-Vapor Product Aerosols

An evaluation of electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) typically derived from combustion

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No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke® Inhaler

Abstract: Introduction: Carbonyls such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein have been

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke

Formation of Diacetyl and Other α-Dicarbonyl Compounds during the Generation of E-Vapor Product Aerosols

An evaluation of electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) typically derived from combustion

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No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler