No Robust Association between Static Markers of Testosterone and Facets of Socio-Economic Decision Making

Abstract

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial width-to-height ratio (WHR) are supposedly static indicators of testosterone exposition during prenatal and pubertal lifetime, respectively. Both measures have been linked to aggressive and assertive behavior in laboratory economic games, as well as in real world scenarios. Most of the research—often limited to male subjects—considers the associations between these behaviors, traits, and hormonal markers separately for 2D:4D and WHR. Reported associations are weak and volatile. In the present study we had independent raters assess 2D:4D and WHR in a sample of N = 175 participants who played the ultimatum game (UG). Respondent behavior in UG captures the tendency to reject unfair offers (negative reciprocity). If unfair UG offers are seen as provocations, then individuals with stronger testosterone exposition may be more prone to reject such offers. Economists argue that negative reciprocity reflects altruistic punishment, since the rejecting individual is sacrificing own resources. However, recent studies suggest that self-interest, in terms of status defense plays a substantial role in decisions to reject unfair offers. We also assessed social preferences by social value orientation and assertiveness via self-report. By applying structural equation modeling we estimated the latent level association of 2D:4D and WHR with negative reciprocity, assertiveness and prosociality in both sexes. Results revealed no robust association between any of the trait measures and hormonal markers. The measures of 2D:4D and WHR were not related with each other. Multigroup models based on sex suggested invariance of factor loadings allowing to compare hormone-behavior relationships of females and males. Only when collapsing across sex greater WHR was weakly associated with assertiveness, suggesting that individuals with wider faces tend to express greater status defense. Only the right hand 2D:4D was weakly associated with prosocial behavior, indicating that individuals with lower prenatal testosterone exposure are more cooperative. Rejection behavior in UG was not related with 2D:4D nor WHR in any of the models. There were also no curvilinear associations between 2D:4D and prosociality as theorized in the literature. Our results suggest that previous studies over-estimated the role of static markers of testosterone in accounting for aggression and competition behavior in males.

Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

“…We also performed a factor analysis as a robustness check to exclude the possibility of measurement errors distorting our estimates [54,71]. As in previous studies [54,72], our analysis supports the existence of an underlying factor common to DG offer, UG offer, TG trust and TG reciprocity, but not UG mao.…”

“…We also performed a factor analysis as a robustness check to exclude the possibility of measurement errors distorting our estimates [54,71]. As in previous studies [54,72], our analysis supports the existence of an underlying factor common to DG offer, UG offer, TG trust and TG reciprocity, but not UG mao. However, confirmatory latent variable analysis using structural equation modelling fails to detect any association between 2D : 4D and the latent 'prosociality' obtained in the eight model specifications estimated for each hand (results available upon request).…”

“…Some studies report negative effects [40,41], whereas others indicate positive effects [42][43][44][45][46] on prosocial behaviours such as generosity or cooperation. Null and nonlinear (mostly quadratic) relationships have also been frequently reported [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Other studies find 2D : 4D-context interactive effects where situational cues change the relationship between 2D : 4D and social behaviour.…”

Cool and Hot Executive Functions in Relation to Aggression and Testosterone/Cortisol Ratios in Male Prisoners

“…Results from a recent meta-analysis confirm this finding [72]. Even though this method had been used before in similar research [73], there appears to be only a small effect size in the relation between prenatal testosterone exposure and aggression and risk taking later on in life [72,74]. Therefore, future studies could better focus on endogenous than prenatal testosterone levels.…”

The Male Warrior Hypothesis: Testosterone-related Cooperation and Aggression in the Context of Intergroup Conflict

“…Less conclusive evidence has been reported concerning the role of pubertal T levels on cooperative behavior. First, studies have failed to show a relationship between facial masculinity and cooperation as assessed in the PGG 48 or with the social value inventory 49 . Another study found that more muscular men were less oriented to egalitarianism 50 , that is, favoring equal benefits among group members.…”