Recently, commercially available 1-SEAs with a zero application time (i.e., no waiting time) concept, including Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, have been introduced. Clinicians desire not only a reduction in the number of application steps but also quicker application times for dental adhesives, however, a shortened application time may fail to maintain their bond ability 13-15). Previously, it has been reported that a shorter application time than instructed by manufacturers leads to lower bond strengths to dentin 14) , but doubling the application time recommended by the manufacturer increases their bonding performance to dentin for 1-SEAs 16,17) because the application time could influence smear layer removal and/or infiltration of resin monomers to dentin 13). The multifunctional hydrophilic amide monomer in