Non-Binary Snow Index for Multi-Component Surfaces

Abstract

A Non-Binary Snow Index for Multi-Component Surfaces (NBSI-MS) is proposed to map snow/ice cover. The NBSI-MS is based on the spectral characteristics of different Land Cover Types (LCTs), such as snow, water, vegetation, bare land, impervious, and shadow surfaces. This index can increase the separability between NBSI-MS values corresponding to snow from other LCTs and accurately delineate the snow/ice cover in non-binary maps. To test the robustness of the NBSI-MS, regions in Greenland and France–Italy where snow interacts with highly diversified geographical ecosystems were examined. Data recorded by Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2A MSI satellites were used. The NBSI-MS performance was also compared against the well-known Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), NDSII-1, S3, and Snow Water Index (SWI) methods and evaluated based on Ground Reference Test Pixels (GRTPs) over non-binarized results. The results show that the NBSI-MS achieved an overall accuracy (OA) ranging from 0.99 to 1 with kappa coefficient values in the same range as the OA. The precision assessment confirmed the performance superiority of the proposed NBSI-MS method for removing water and shadow surfaces over the compared relevant indices.

Atlas of urban scaling laws

“…The high resolution might enable to discriminate fine details of land use/land cover such as farmland, urban areas, quality of road surfaces, and health of plants. The multiple spectral bands yield inter-band spectral information to discriminate texture features [45,46]. for green and blue bands, different sectors and other cities will be reported in a forthcoming work.…”

Estimating Regional Snow Line Elevation Using Public Webcam Images

“…Under the assumption that applying an NDSI of 0.4 underestimates the snow-covered area, this approach leads to an overestimate of Sentinel-2-based RSLE, which decreases the discrepancy between our webcam-based estimation and Sentinel-2 estimation further. Finally, it must be considered that satellite-based snow cover mapping is constantly improved and new methodologies based on extended spectral characteristics or deep learning have been developed, e.g., [51,52]. It would be worthwhile investigating webcam RSLE differences with such products in the future.…”