Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in underground water resources in Saraven, Iran: Spatial distribution, monte-carlo simulation, sensitive analysis

In Situ Measurements of Domestic Water Quality and Health Risks by Elevated Concentration of Heavy Metals and Metalloids Using Monte Carlo and MLGI Methods

“…The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a practical approach for uncertainty analysis of an RA, and it is frequently used for HMM RAs. RAs for such environmental compartments have become more significant as the levels of HMM in water supplies have increased [ 19 , 20 ]. Marinduque, which hosted catastrophic mining disaster events, has a limited study on human HR analysis to exposure to HMM in the DW.…”

Analysis of the concentration of heavy metals in soil, vegetables and water around the bole Lemi industry park, Ethiopia

“…About one-fourth of human diseases are due to exposure to environmental pollutants ( Basma and Alhogbi, 2017 ). Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) constitute one of the main environmental pollutants that can cause a critical problem for all organisms, such as soil microbial populations, plants as well as humans ( Lenart and Wolny-Koładka, 2013 ; Mohammadi et al., 2018 ) and harm human health ( Jafarzadeh et al., 2021 ). For example, exposure to high Pb concentrations brings about health problems such as the skeletal, circulatory, nervous, enzymatic, endocrine, and immune systems in the human body ( Zhou and Guo, 2015 ; Esmaeilzadeh et al., 2019 ; Vasseghian et al., 2020 ), exposure to Cd can cause cancer ( Vasseghian et al., 2020 ).…”

“…The behaviors of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, etc. have become a growing concern in ecological research because of their capability of ecotoxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties, making them a threat to the water and soil resources’ health ( Kamani et al., 2018 ; Jafarzadeh et al., 2021 ). Heavy metals due to their non-biodegradability and long resistance properties are among the critical contaminants in the environment ( Mohammadi et al., 2019a ).…”

Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in well-water samples from an automobile junk market in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria

“…Heavy metals such as Pb, As, Cd, and Cr are considered toxic even at low concentrations; while others such as Cu and Zn although beneficial for biological systems and normal body functions may also cause extensive damage to human health when inadvertently ingested at levels above acceptable internationally recommended limits ( Mohammadi et al., 2019 ). High Pb concentrations can bring about health problems such as arterial pressure and behavioural complications, while cadmium is exceptionally toxic and its exposure can cause cancer ( Jafarzadeh et al., 2022 ). Arsenic is also a carcinogenic element in groundwater ( Shams et al., 2020 ).…”