The addition of trialkoxylbenzyloxyl substituents at the axial position of conformationally non-planar SubPc promotes its solid-state self assembly. Unlike prior SubPc derivatives, photophysical studies suggest the presence of intermolecular electronic coupling between neighboring cores of SubPc derivatives, the strength of which depends on both the electronic nature of the core -which we tune through fluorination -and the extent of van der Waals interactions originating from the alkyl side chains on the trialkoxylbenzyloxyl tail. Modulating the relative strength of core-core and van der Waals interactions introduces morphological richness and provides access to liquid-crystalline hexagonal and smectic phases. When core-core interactions are strong, thin films of SubPc spontaneously adopt a highly crystalline lamellar structure in the solid state. Thin films of trialkoxylbenzyloxylsubstituted SubPcs thus support efficient energy and charge transfer given their intermolecular electronic communication and longrange order.
INTRODUCTION:Guiding self-organization of organic π-conjugated molecules is essential to facilitate efficient charge and energy transfer in organic electronics. 1-6 To promote long range order, intermolecular interactions, such as ionic interactions, hydrogenbonding, π-π interactions, and van der Waals interactions, must work cooperatively to induce the spontaneous formation of hierarchical structures from basic molecular units. 7,8,9 Among organic π-conjugated molecules, conformationally non-planar systems are getting increasing attention in organic electronics. 10-13 Having a bowl-shaped conformation, subpthalocyanine (SubPc) is a special member of organic π-conjugated family. Derivatives of SubPc exhibit excellent photophysical properties, such as high absorptivity, high fluorescent quantum yield, and efficient charge/energy transfer, all of which have been exploited in areas of toxic anion sensing, two photo-absorption, and artificial photosynthetic systems. 14 SubPcs have also been successfully incorporated in high performance organic electronics, such as OLEDs, OFETs, and OPVs. 15-24 While SubPc crystals can form under stringent growth conditions, SubPc derivatives generally do not form ordered thin films, presumably because of the the non-planar conformation of the core. Given that charge transport in molecular semiconductors occurs via hopping, this lack of longrange order in SubPcs thin films is thought to limit the performance of devices that incorporate them. Recognizing the need to drive solid-state organization in these electrically active materials, recent reports have detailed peripheral substitution of the SubPc core to induce self assembly in both solution and the solid state. 25-28 These reports, however, are limited to structural studies of these compounds; their charge-and energy transfer characteristics were not elucidated.Different from previous reports, we have opted to axially functionalize SubPc with trialkoxylbenzyloxyl tails to drive assembly. As opposed to the phenoxyl ...