Non-coding RNAs regulation of macrophage polarization in cancer

Abstract

Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts that did not code proteins but regulate their functions were extensively studied for the last two decades and the plethora of discoveries have instigated scientists to investigate their dynamic roles in several diseases especially in cancer. However, there is much more to learn about the role of ncRNAs as drivers of malignant cell evolution in relation to macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. At the initial stage of tumor development, macrophages have an important role in directing Go/No-go decisions to the promotion of tumor growth, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages behave differently as they are predominantly induced to be polarized into M2, a pro-tumorigenic type when recruited with the tumor tissue and thereby favoring the tumorigenesis. Polarization of macrophages into M1 or M2 subtypes plays a vital role in regulating tumor progression, metastasis, and clinical outcome, highlighting the importance of studying the factors driving this process. A substantial number of studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are involved in the macrophage polarization based on their ability to drive M1 or M2 polarization and in this review we have described their functions and categorized them into oncogenes, tumor suppressors, Juggling tumor suppressors, and Juggling oncogenes.

ELK4-mediated lncRNA SNHG22 promotes gastric cancer progression through interacting with EZH2 and regulating miR-200c-3p/Notch1 axis

“…Previous studies have revealed considerable roles for lncRNAs in the progression and development of human cancers [ 25 , 26 ]. In gastric cancers, a lot of lncRNAs, like CRNDE [ 27 ], RNA1 [ 28 ], have been characterized and their functional mechanism have been reported as well.…”

miRNAs in decidual NK cells: regulators worthy of attention during pregnancy

“…miRNA class is found in all eukaryotic cells and some viruses. Research in the past few years reported that miRNAs have potential as biomarkers for the early detection and therapeutic targeting of diseases as well as acting as important regulatory elements in healthy and cancerous tissues [48,49]. Of note, miRNAs can be packaged within extracellular vesicles including exosomes and microvesicles, and these vesicles contain numerous miR-NAs that transfer between cells, thereby establishing intercellular communication [50].…”

ELK4-mediated lncRNA SNHG22 promotes gastric cancer progression through interacting with EZH2 and regulating miR-200c-3p/Notch1 axis

“…Previous studies have revealed considerable roles for lncRNAs in the progression and development of human cancers 26,27 . In gastric cancers, a lot of lncRNAs, like CRNDE 28 , RNA1 29 , have been characterized and their functional mechanism have been reported as well.…”